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Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Görüntüleri Üzerinden Hesaplanan Os Sacrum ve Os Coccygis Eğriliklerinin Cinsiyete Göre Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 10 - 16, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1125812

Abstract

Amaç: İnsanlarda cinsiyetin belirlenmesinde iskelet yapısı anahtar bir rol oynar. Pelvis iskeletini oluşturan os sacrum ve os coccygis, cinsiyete bağlı fonksiyonel farklılıklar nedeniyle cinsiyet tayini için önemli kemiklerdir. Bu çalışmada; ortogonal düzleme getirilmiş Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT) görüntüleri üzerinden hesaplanan os sacrum ve os coccygis eğriliklerinin cinsiyete göre farklılıklarını belirlemeyi amaçladık.
Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada 25-50 yaş arası sağlıklı 150 bireye ait (75 Kadın, 75 Erkek) BT görüntüleri kullanıldı. Horos yazılımı ile BT görüntüleri ölçüm için uygun formatta düzenlendi. Sagittal görüntü üzerinde; os sacrum ve os coccygis üzerinden lumbosakral açı (LSA), sakral eğrilik (SE), sakral kifoz (SK), sakrokoksigeal açı (SKA), sakrokoksigeal eklem açısı (SKEA) ve koksigeal eğrilik (KE) olmak üzere 6 farklı ölçüm yapıldı.
Bulgular: Ölçüm sonuçlarına göre; LSA ve SKA değerleri, erkeklerde kadınlara göre yüksek, SKEA değeri de kadınlarda erkeklere göre yüksek olduğu tespit edildi (p≤0.05). QDA’ya göre tüm parametrelerden erkek bireyleri ayırt etme gücü %93.3, kadın bireyleri ayırt etme gücü %85.3 ve toplam ayırt etme gücü %89.3 bulundu.
Sonuç: Bu sonuçlara göre erkeklerde lumbosakral ve sakrokoksigeal eklemlerin kadınlara göre daha düz göründüğü sonucuna varıldı. SC, SK ve CC parametreleri cinsel dimorfizm göstermedi. Kullandığımız tüm parametreler dikkate alındığında yüksek oranda cinsiyet ayrımcılığı elde ettik.

References

  • Referans1 Karakas HM, Celbis O, Harma A, Alicioglu BJSr. Total body height estimation using sacrum height in Anatolian Caucasians: multidetector computed tomography-based virtual anthropometry. 2011;40(5):623-630.
  • Referans2 Chiba F, Makino Y, Torimitsu S, et al. Sex estimation based on femoral measurements using multidetector computed tomography in cadavers in modern Japan. 2018;292:262. e261-262. e266.
  • Referans3 Steyn M, İşcan MY. Metric sex determination from the pelvis in modern Greeks. Forensic Science International. 2008/07/18/ 2008;179(1):86.e81-86.e86.
  • Referans4 Best KC, Garvin HM, Cabo LL. An investigation into the relationship between human cranial and pelvic sexual dimorphism. Journal of forensic sciences. 2018;63(4):990-1000.
  • Referans5 Spradley MK, Jantz RL. Sex estimation in forensic anthropology: skull versus postcranial elements. Journal of forensic sciences. 2011;56(2):289-296.
  • Referans6 Franklin D, O'Higgins P, Oxnard CE, Dadour I. Determination of sex in South African blacks by discriminant function analysis of mandibular linear dimensions. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology. 2006;2(4):263-268.
  • Referans7 Şahiner Y. Erkek ve bayanlarda kafatası kemiğinden geometrik morfometri metoduyla cinsiyet tayini, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2007.
  • Referans8 Walker PL. Sexing skulls using discriminant function analysis of visually assessed traits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2008;136(1):39-50.
  • Referans9 Biwasaka H, Aoki Y, Tanijiri T, et al. Analyses of sexual dimorphism of contemporary Japanese using reconstructed three-dimensional CT images–curvature of the best-fit circle of the greater sciatic notch. Legal Medicine. 2009;11:S260-S262.
  • Referans10 Fliss B, Luethi M, Fuernstahl P, et al. CT‐based sex estimation on human femora using statistical shape modeling. American journal of physical anthropology. 2019;169(2):279-286.
  • Referans11 Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, Kaur S, Baryah N, Singh RJFsi. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. 2016;261:165. e161-165. e168.
  • Referans12 Iwamura ES, Soares-Vieira JA, Munoz DR. Human identification and analysis of DNA in bones. Revista do Hospital das Clinicas. Dec 2004;59(6):383-388.
  • Referans13 Grewal DS, Khangura RK, Sircar K, Tyagi KK, Kaur G, David S. Morphometric analysis of odontometric parameters for gender determination. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(8):ZC09.
  • Referans14 Dedouit F, Savall F, Mokrane F, et al. Virtual anthropology and forensic identification using multidetector CT. 2014;87(1036):20130468.
  • Referans15 Acar M, Alkan ŞB, Durmaz MS, et al. Sakrum’un Multidedektör Bilgisayarli Tomografi Yöntemi ile Morfometrik Analizi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018:125-130.
  • Referans16 Darmawan M, Yusuf SM, Kadir MA, Haron H. Comparison on three classification techniques for sex estimation from the bone length of Asian children below 19 years old: an analysis using different group of ages. Forensic science international. 2015;247:130. e131-130. e111.
  • Referans17 İşcan MY. Forensic anthropology of sex and body size. Forensic Science International. 2005;147(2-3):107-112.
  • Referans18 Blake KA, Hartnett‐McCann K. Metric assessment of the pubic bone using known and novel data points for sex estimation. Journal of forensic sciences. 2018;63(5):1472-1478.
  • Referans19 Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Sex determination based on sacral and coccygeal measurements using multidetector computed tomography in a contemporary Japanese population. Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. 2017;9:8-12.
  • Referans20 Amirreza S, Ali Krbalei K, Alireza S. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of different methods of examination for presence of palmaris longus and examination of fifth superficial flexor function. Anat Cell Biol. 06 2018;51(2):79-84.
  • Referans21 Marty C, Boisaubert B, Descamps H, et al. The sagittal anatomy of the sacrum among young adults, infants, and spondylolisthesis patients. European Spine Journal. 2002;11(2):119-125.
  • Referans22 Polat TK, Ertekin T, Acer N, Çınar Ş. Sakrum kemiğinin morfometrik değerlendirilmesi ve eklem yüzey alanlarının hesaplanması. 2014.
  • Referans23 Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Estimation of sex in Japanese cadavers based on sternal measurements using multidetector computed tomography. Legal Medicine. 2015;17(4):226-231.
  • Referans24 Turan MK, Oner Z, Secgin Y, Oner S. A trial on artificial neural networks in predicting sex through bone length measurements on the first and fifth phalanges and metatarsals. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2019;115:103490.
  • Referans25 Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S, Secgin Y, Sahin B. Sex estimation using sternum part lenghts by means of artificial neural networks. Forensic science international. 2019;301:6-11.
  • Referans26 Wang Z, Parent S, Mac-Thiong J-M, Petit Y, Labelle H. Influence of sacral morphology in developmental spondylolisthesis. Spine. 2008;33(20):2185-2191.
  • Referans27 Oyakhire MO, Agi C. Assessment of the Spine in a Healthy Working Population: A Radiographic Study of the Lumbrosacral Angle in Relation to Occupation in Southern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014;5(2):99-105.
  • Referans28 Henshaw M, Oakley PA, Harrison DE. Correction of pseudoscoliosis (lateral thoracic translation posture) for the treatment of low back pain: a CBP® case report. Journal of physical therapy science. 2018;30(9):1202-1205.
  • Referans29 Khanal U. Bilgisayarlı Tomografi ile Normal Nepal Popülasyonunda Lumbosakral Açının Ölçülmesi. Radyolojide Klinik Araştırmalar Dergisi 2018;1:1-7.
  • Referans30 Okpala F. Measurement of lumbosacral angle in normal radiographs: A retrospective study in Southeast Nigeria. Annals of medical and health sciences research. 2014;4(5):757-762.
  • Referans31 Trinh A, Hashmi SS, Massoud TFJCA. Imaging anatomy of the vertebral canal for trans‐sacral hiatus puncture of the lumbar cistern. 2021;34(3):348-356.
  • Referans32 Woon JT, Perumal V, Maigne J-Y, Stringer MD. CT morphology and morphometry of the normal adult coccyx. European Spine Journal. 2013;22(4):863-870.
  • Referans33 Erbek E. Sağlıklı Bireylerde ve L5-S1 Spondilolistezis'li Hastalarda Sakrum Ölçümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Konya: Anatomi ABD., Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Referans34 Yoon MG, Moon M-S, Park BK, Lee H, Kim D-H. Analysis of Sacrococcygeal Morphology in Koreans Using Computed Tomography. Clin Orthop Surg. 12/ 2016;8(4):412-419.
  • Referans35 Marwan YA, Al-Saeed OM, Esmaeel AA, Kombar ORA, Bendary AM, Azeem MEA. Computed tomography–based morphologic and morphometric features of the coccyx among Arab adults. Spine. 2014;39(20):E1210-E1219.
  • Referans36 Kim NH, Suk KS. Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei medical journal. 1999;40(3):215-220.
  • Referans37 Kerimoglu U, Dagoglu MG, Ergen FB. Intercoccygeal angle and type of coccyx in asymptomatic patients. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2007;29(8):683-687.

Evaluation of the Sacral and Coccygeal Curvatures Calculated via Computed Tomography Images Based on Gender

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 10 - 16, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1125812

Abstract

Objective: The skeletal structure has a significant role in the estimation of human gender. The os sacrum and os coccyx bones that constitute the pelvic skeleton are important in sex estimation due to their functional differences based on sex. In the present study, we aimed to determine the differences in os sacral and os coccygeal curvatures calculated with orthogonal plane computed tomography images based on gender.
Methods: Computed tomography images of 150 healthy individuals (75 females, 75 males) between the ages of 25-50 were used in the study. The computed tomography images were edited into a suitable format by the Horos software for measurement. Six sacral and coccygeal measurements, lumbosacral angle (LSA), sacral curvature (SC), sacral kyphosis (SK), sacrococcygeal angle (SCA), sacrococcygeal joint angle (SCJA), and coccygeal curvature (CC) were conducted on the sagittal image.
Results: The measurement results indicated that LSA and SCA values were higher in male subjects when compared to females, and SCJA values were higher in females when compared to males (p≤0.05). Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) results indicated that these parameters were 93.3% effective in estimating male gender, 85.3% effective in estimating female gender, with an overall estimation rate of 89.3%.
Conclusion: According to these results, it was concluded that the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints appear flatter in men than in women. SC, SK and CC parameters did not show sexual dimorphism. Considering all the parameters we used, we achieved a high rate of gender discrimination.

References

  • Referans1 Karakas HM, Celbis O, Harma A, Alicioglu BJSr. Total body height estimation using sacrum height in Anatolian Caucasians: multidetector computed tomography-based virtual anthropometry. 2011;40(5):623-630.
  • Referans2 Chiba F, Makino Y, Torimitsu S, et al. Sex estimation based on femoral measurements using multidetector computed tomography in cadavers in modern Japan. 2018;292:262. e261-262. e266.
  • Referans3 Steyn M, İşcan MY. Metric sex determination from the pelvis in modern Greeks. Forensic Science International. 2008/07/18/ 2008;179(1):86.e81-86.e86.
  • Referans4 Best KC, Garvin HM, Cabo LL. An investigation into the relationship between human cranial and pelvic sexual dimorphism. Journal of forensic sciences. 2018;63(4):990-1000.
  • Referans5 Spradley MK, Jantz RL. Sex estimation in forensic anthropology: skull versus postcranial elements. Journal of forensic sciences. 2011;56(2):289-296.
  • Referans6 Franklin D, O'Higgins P, Oxnard CE, Dadour I. Determination of sex in South African blacks by discriminant function analysis of mandibular linear dimensions. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology. 2006;2(4):263-268.
  • Referans7 Şahiner Y. Erkek ve bayanlarda kafatası kemiğinden geometrik morfometri metoduyla cinsiyet tayini, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2007.
  • Referans8 Walker PL. Sexing skulls using discriminant function analysis of visually assessed traits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2008;136(1):39-50.
  • Referans9 Biwasaka H, Aoki Y, Tanijiri T, et al. Analyses of sexual dimorphism of contemporary Japanese using reconstructed three-dimensional CT images–curvature of the best-fit circle of the greater sciatic notch. Legal Medicine. 2009;11:S260-S262.
  • Referans10 Fliss B, Luethi M, Fuernstahl P, et al. CT‐based sex estimation on human femora using statistical shape modeling. American journal of physical anthropology. 2019;169(2):279-286.
  • Referans11 Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, Kaur S, Baryah N, Singh RJFsi. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. 2016;261:165. e161-165. e168.
  • Referans12 Iwamura ES, Soares-Vieira JA, Munoz DR. Human identification and analysis of DNA in bones. Revista do Hospital das Clinicas. Dec 2004;59(6):383-388.
  • Referans13 Grewal DS, Khangura RK, Sircar K, Tyagi KK, Kaur G, David S. Morphometric analysis of odontometric parameters for gender determination. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(8):ZC09.
  • Referans14 Dedouit F, Savall F, Mokrane F, et al. Virtual anthropology and forensic identification using multidetector CT. 2014;87(1036):20130468.
  • Referans15 Acar M, Alkan ŞB, Durmaz MS, et al. Sakrum’un Multidedektör Bilgisayarli Tomografi Yöntemi ile Morfometrik Analizi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018:125-130.
  • Referans16 Darmawan M, Yusuf SM, Kadir MA, Haron H. Comparison on three classification techniques for sex estimation from the bone length of Asian children below 19 years old: an analysis using different group of ages. Forensic science international. 2015;247:130. e131-130. e111.
  • Referans17 İşcan MY. Forensic anthropology of sex and body size. Forensic Science International. 2005;147(2-3):107-112.
  • Referans18 Blake KA, Hartnett‐McCann K. Metric assessment of the pubic bone using known and novel data points for sex estimation. Journal of forensic sciences. 2018;63(5):1472-1478.
  • Referans19 Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Sex determination based on sacral and coccygeal measurements using multidetector computed tomography in a contemporary Japanese population. Journal of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. 2017;9:8-12.
  • Referans20 Amirreza S, Ali Krbalei K, Alireza S. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of different methods of examination for presence of palmaris longus and examination of fifth superficial flexor function. Anat Cell Biol. 06 2018;51(2):79-84.
  • Referans21 Marty C, Boisaubert B, Descamps H, et al. The sagittal anatomy of the sacrum among young adults, infants, and spondylolisthesis patients. European Spine Journal. 2002;11(2):119-125.
  • Referans22 Polat TK, Ertekin T, Acer N, Çınar Ş. Sakrum kemiğinin morfometrik değerlendirilmesi ve eklem yüzey alanlarının hesaplanması. 2014.
  • Referans23 Torimitsu S, Makino Y, Saitoh H, et al. Estimation of sex in Japanese cadavers based on sternal measurements using multidetector computed tomography. Legal Medicine. 2015;17(4):226-231.
  • Referans24 Turan MK, Oner Z, Secgin Y, Oner S. A trial on artificial neural networks in predicting sex through bone length measurements on the first and fifth phalanges and metatarsals. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 2019;115:103490.
  • Referans25 Oner Z, Turan MK, Oner S, Secgin Y, Sahin B. Sex estimation using sternum part lenghts by means of artificial neural networks. Forensic science international. 2019;301:6-11.
  • Referans26 Wang Z, Parent S, Mac-Thiong J-M, Petit Y, Labelle H. Influence of sacral morphology in developmental spondylolisthesis. Spine. 2008;33(20):2185-2191.
  • Referans27 Oyakhire MO, Agi C. Assessment of the Spine in a Healthy Working Population: A Radiographic Study of the Lumbrosacral Angle in Relation to Occupation in Southern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014;5(2):99-105.
  • Referans28 Henshaw M, Oakley PA, Harrison DE. Correction of pseudoscoliosis (lateral thoracic translation posture) for the treatment of low back pain: a CBP® case report. Journal of physical therapy science. 2018;30(9):1202-1205.
  • Referans29 Khanal U. Bilgisayarlı Tomografi ile Normal Nepal Popülasyonunda Lumbosakral Açının Ölçülmesi. Radyolojide Klinik Araştırmalar Dergisi 2018;1:1-7.
  • Referans30 Okpala F. Measurement of lumbosacral angle in normal radiographs: A retrospective study in Southeast Nigeria. Annals of medical and health sciences research. 2014;4(5):757-762.
  • Referans31 Trinh A, Hashmi SS, Massoud TFJCA. Imaging anatomy of the vertebral canal for trans‐sacral hiatus puncture of the lumbar cistern. 2021;34(3):348-356.
  • Referans32 Woon JT, Perumal V, Maigne J-Y, Stringer MD. CT morphology and morphometry of the normal adult coccyx. European Spine Journal. 2013;22(4):863-870.
  • Referans33 Erbek E. Sağlıklı Bireylerde ve L5-S1 Spondilolistezis'li Hastalarda Sakrum Ölçümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Konya: Anatomi ABD., Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Referans34 Yoon MG, Moon M-S, Park BK, Lee H, Kim D-H. Analysis of Sacrococcygeal Morphology in Koreans Using Computed Tomography. Clin Orthop Surg. 12/ 2016;8(4):412-419.
  • Referans35 Marwan YA, Al-Saeed OM, Esmaeel AA, Kombar ORA, Bendary AM, Azeem MEA. Computed tomography–based morphologic and morphometric features of the coccyx among Arab adults. Spine. 2014;39(20):E1210-E1219.
  • Referans36 Kim NH, Suk KS. Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei medical journal. 1999;40(3):215-220.
  • Referans37 Kerimoglu U, Dagoglu MG, Ergen FB. Intercoccygeal angle and type of coccyx in asymptomatic patients. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 2007;29(8):683-687.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anatomy
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Nur Özgen 0000-0002-1134-5309

Zülal Öner 0000-0003-0459-1015

Mert Nahir 0000-0002-8492-3704

Serkan Öner 0000-0002-7802-880X

Publication Date February 28, 2023
Submission Date June 3, 2022
Acceptance Date October 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Özgen MN, Öner Z, Nahir M, Öner S. Evaluation of the Sacral and Coccygeal Curvatures Calculated via Computed Tomography Images Based on Gender. Acta Med Nicomedia. February 2023;6(1):10-16. doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1125812

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