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Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 29.01.2021

Ali Mert Beşenek Cicek Hocaoglu

Abstract

Otlanma (Grazing); hakkında halen daha özgün ve kesin bir tanı için yeterli çalışma ve görüş birliği bulunmayan, uzun yıllar boyunca yazında çokçeşitli şekillerde isimlendirilmiş ve tanımlanmış, diğer yeme bozuklukları ve davranışları ile çok sık birlikte bulunabilen normal dışı bir yemedavranışıdır. Son dönemdeki çalışmalarda; “tekrarlayıcı doğada”, “az miktarda besin alımı” ve “plansız” olması şeklinde üç ana özelliğindenbahsedilmektedir. Olumsuz tanımlamaların yanında; ‘atıştırma’nın obezitenin psikolojik tedavisinde hedeflenen “uzun zaman periyodundatekrarlanan az miktar besin alımı” ile karakterize sağlıklı bir yeme davranışı olduğunu öne süren araştırmacılar da mevcuttur. Obezite tedavisiiçin başvuran hastalarda yaygınlık oranı %33.2 iken; genel nüfustaki obezlerde %23.32 oranında görülmektedir. ‘Atıştırma’ davranışı; enfazla tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu (TYB) olmak üzere yeme bozuklukları ile çok sık birlikte bulunmaktadır. ‘Atıştırma’ olgularında yeğindepresif bozukluk ve kaygı bozuklukları oranları, stres düzeyleri, duygudurum düzenleme sorunları daha yüksek saptanırken; dürtüsellik ileilişkisini araştıran çalışmaların sonuçları çelişkilidir. Bu bulgular ışığında bilişsel davranışçı terapi veya diyalektik davranışçı terapilerin etkiliolabilecekleri düşünülmektedir. Obez bireyler içerisinde TYB saptanan grupta çok çeşitli normal dışı yeme davranışları görülebileceği gözönünde bulundurulursa; özellikle TYB’ndaki ‘atıştırma’ davranışının, hem klinik değerlendirmenin hem de tedavi girişimlerinin ayrılmaz birparçası olması gerektiği söylenebilir.

Keywords

Atipik Yeme Davranışı Grazing Yeme Bozuklukları

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. (2008). Evidence for sugeraddiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects ofintermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci BiobehavRev, 32(1):20-39. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019.
  • Bonder R, Davis C, Kuk JL, Loxton NJ. (2018). Compulsive“grazing” and addictive tendencies towards food. Eur EatDisord Rev, 2018:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2642.
  • Busetto L, Segato G, De Marchi F, et al.(2002). Outcomepredictors in morbidly obese recipients of andadjustable gastric band. Obes Surg, 12: 12(1):83-92. DOI:10.1381/096089202321144649
  • Calles-Escandon J, JAspan J, Robbins DC.(1989). Postprandialoscillatory patterns of blood glucose and insuline inNIDDM: Abnormal diurnal insulin secretion patterns andglucose homeostass independent of obesity. DiabetesCare, 12(10):709-714.DOI: 10.2337/diacare.12.10.709
  • Carter FA, Jansen A. (2012). Improving psychological treatmentfor obesity. Which eating behaviours should we target?.Appetite, 58(3):1063-1069. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.016.
  • Colles SL, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. (2008). Loss of control is centralto psychological disturbance associated with binge eatingdisorder. Obesity, 16(3):608-614. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.99.
  • Conason A.(2014). Comment on: What is “grazing”? Reviewingits definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, andimpact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing astandardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 10 (Suppl.5):983.
  • Conceição EM, Crosby R, Mitchell JE, et al. (2013). Pickingor nibbling: frequency and associated clinical featuresin blumia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eatingdisorder. Int J Eat Disord, 46:815–8. DOI: 10.1002/eat.22167.
  • Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel S, Machado P, LancasterK, Wonderlich S. (2014). What is "grazing"? Reviewingits definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, andimpact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing astandardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 10:973–82.DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.05.002.
  • Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Machado PPP, et al.(2017).Repetitive eating questionnaire [rep(eat)-Q]: enlighteningthe concept of grazing and psychometric properties in aPortuguese sample. Appetite, 117:351–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.012.
  • Davis C.(2013). Compulsive overeating as an addictive behavior:Overlap between food addiction and binge eating disorder.Curr Obes Rep, 2: 171–178. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0049-8.
  • Davis C, Carter JC. (2014). If certain foods are addictive, howmight this change the treatment of compulsive overeatingand obesity?. Curr Addict Rep, 1: 89-95. DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0013-z
  • Davis C, Curtis C, Levitan RD, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, KennedyJL. (2011). Evidence that 'food addiction' is a validphenotype of obesity. Appetite, 57(3):711-717. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.017.
  • de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, et al. (2010).Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbidobesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 6(1):79-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2009.08.011
  • Fairburn C, Cooper Z, O’Connor M.(2008). Eating disorderexamination (Edition 16.0D). Cognitive behavior therapyand eating disorders, Fairburn C (Ed), New York, GuilfordPress.
  • Fichter MM, Elton M, Engel K, Meyer AE, Mall H, Poustka F.(1991). Structured interview for anorexia and bulimianervosa (SIAB): Development of a new instrument for theassessment of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 10 (5):571-592.
  • Fichter MM, Herpertz S, Quadflieg N, Herpertz-DahlmannB. (1998). Structured interview for anorexic and bulimicdisorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10: updated (third) revision.Int J Eat Disord, 24(3):227-249. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x.
  • Fichter MM, Quadflieg N. (2000). Comparing self- and expertrating: a self-report screening version (SIAB-S) of thestructured interview for anorexic and bulimic syndromesfor DSM-IV and ICD-10 (SIAB-EX). Eur Arch Psychiatry ClinNeurosci, 250(4):175-185. DOI: 10.1007/s004060070022
  • Goodpaster KPS, Marek RJ, Lavery ME, Ashton K, Merrell Rish J,Heinberg LJ. (2016). Graze eating among bariatric surgerycandidates: prevalence and psychosocial correlates.Surg Obes Relat Dis, 12(5):1091-1097. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.006.
  • Gowey MA, Reiter-Purtill J, Becnel J, et al. (2016). Weight-relatedcorrelates of psychological dysregulation in adolescent andyoung adult (AYA) females with severe obesity. Appetite,99:211-218. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.020.
  • Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT, Gueorguieva R, White MA.(2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral weightloss, and sequential treatment for obese patients withbinge-eating disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JConsult Clin Psychol, 79(5):675-85. DOI: 10.1037/a0025049.
  • Hagan MM, Shuman ES, Oswald KD, et al.(2002). Incidenceof chaotic eating behaviors in binge-eating disorder:contributing factors. Behav Med, 28(3):99-105. DOI:10.1080/08964280209596048
  • Harvey EM, Raawson RA, Alexander E, Bachar KJ. (1994).Binge eating in males: A sample description andtreatment outcome study. Eat Disord, 2:3, 215-230. DOI:10.1080/10640269408249117.
  • Heriseanu AI, Hay P, Corbit L, Touyz S. (2017). Grazing inadults with obesity and eating disorders: A systematicreview of associated clinical features and meta-analysisof prevalence. Clin Psychol Rev, 58:16-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.004.
  • Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD. (2018). The case for stepped carefor weight management after bariatric surgery. Surg ObesRelat Dis, 14(1):112-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.07.023
  • Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C.(2010). Maladaptive eatingpatterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes followinggastric bypass: results of an Internet survey. Obesity(Silver Spring), 18(10):1938-1943. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.27.
  • Kristeller J, Wolever RQ, Sheets V.(2014). Mindfulness-basedeating awareness training (MB-EAT) for binge eating: Arandomized clinical trial. Mindfulness, 5:282–297. DOI:10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1
  • Lane B, Szabo M. (2013). Uncontrolled, repetitive eating of smallamounts of food or ‘grazing’: Development and evaluationof a new measure of atypical eating. Behaviour Change,30(2): 57-73. DOI: 10.1017/bec.2013.6
  • Lane B, Szabó M. (2015). Comment on: What is 'grazing'?Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics,and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposinga standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 11(1):267.DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.10.019
  • Legenbauer TM, de Zwaan M, Mühlhans B, Petrak F, Herpertz S.(2010) Do mental disorders and eating patterns affect longtermweight loss maintenance?. Gen Hospital Psychiatry,32(2):132-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.09.001.
  • Mack I, Ölschläger S, Sauer H, et al. (2016). Does LaparoscopicSleeve Gastrectomy Improve Depression, Stress andEating Behaviour? A 4-Year Follow-up Study. Obes Surg,26(12):2967-2973. DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2219-8.
  • Masheb RM, Grilo CM, White MA. (2011). An examination ofeating patterns in community women with bulimia nervosaand binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 44(7):618-624.DOI: 10.1002/eat.20853.
  • Masheb RM, Roberto CA, White MA. (2013). Nibbling and pickingin obese patients with Binge Eating Disorder. Eat Behav,14(4):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.07.001.
  • Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. (2005). Binge eatingamong African American and Caucasian bariatric surgerycandidates. Eat Behav, 6(3):189-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.12.001.
  • Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. (2006). Gender and bingeeating among bariatric surgery candidates. Eat Behav,7(1):47-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.05.008.
  • Melo PG, Peixoto MRG, da Silveira EA. (2015). Binge eatingprevalence according to obesity degrees and associatedfactors in women. J Bras Psiquiatr, 64(2):100-106.
  • Micanti F, Iasevoli F, Cucciniello C, et al (2017). The relationshipbetween emotional regulation and eating behaviour: amultidimensional analysis of obesity psychopathology. EatWeight Disord, 22(1):105-115. DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0275-7
  • Mitchell JE, Devlin MJ, de Zwaan M. (2008). Binge-eatingdisorder: Clinical foundations and treatment, New York,Guilford Pres.
  • Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, et al.(2015). Postoperativegrazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes afterbariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.008.
  • Pedram P, Wadden D, Amini P, et al.(2013). Food addiction: Itsprevalence and significant association with obesity in thegeneral population. PLoS One, 8(9):e74832. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074832.
  • Pizato N, Botelho PB, Gonçalves VSS, Dutra ES, de CarvalhoKMB. (2017). Effect of grazing Bbehavior on weight regainpost-bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Nutrients,9(12):1322. DOI:10.3390/nu9121322.
  • Reas DL, Wisting L, Kapstad H, Lask B. (2012). Nibbling:frequency and relationship to BMI, pattern of eating,and shape, weight, and eating concerns amonguniversity women. Eat Behav, 13(1):65-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.10.005
  • Rehm J, Gmel GE Sr, Gmel G, et al.(2017). The relationshipbetween different dimensions of alcohol use and theburden of disease-an update. Addiction, 112(6):968-1001.DOI: 10.1111/add.13757.
  • Reslan S, Saules KK, Greenwald MK, Schuh LM.(2014).Substance misuse following Roux-en-Y gastricbypass surgery. Subst Use Misuse, 49(4):405-417. DOI:10.3109/10826084.2013.841249.
  • Safer DL, Telch CF, Chen EY.(2009).Dialectical BehaviorTherapy for Binge Eating and Bulimia, New York, GuilfordPress.
  • Saunders R.(2001) Compulsive eating and gastric bypasssurgery: what does hunger have to do with it?. Obes Surg,11(6):757-761. DOI: 10.1381/09608920160558731.
  • Saunders R. (2004)."Grazing": a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg,14(1):98-102. DOI:10.1381/096089204772787374.
  • Saunders R, Johnson L, Teschner J. (1998). Prevalence ofeating disorders among bariatric surgery patients. EatDisord, 6: 309-317.
  • Wittig VR, Wittig JH. (1993). Severe Compulsive Overeating:how to obtain a more accurate history through nonshaming,non-blaming interview techniques. Obes Surg,3(1):79-84. DOI: 10.1381/096089293765559827.
  • Wonderlich SA, de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Peterson C, CrowS.(2003).Psychological and dietary treatments of bingeeating disorder: conceptual implications. Int J Eat Disord,34 Suppl:S58-S73. DOI: 10.1002/eat.10206.

What is ‘Grazing’?

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 29.01.2021

Ali Mert Beşenek Cicek Hocaoglu

Abstract

‘Grazing’ is an atypical eating behavior which; lacks scientific studies and consensus for specific and accurate definition, has been namedand defined in different ways in literature and may be present as comorbidity to other eating disorders and behaviors. In recent studies,“being in a repetative nature”, “consuming small amounts of food” and “being unplanned” have been defined as three core features of ‘grazing’.In addition to the negative definitions of ‘grazing’; there are some researchers who claim that ‘grazing’ is a healthy eating behavior thatis characterized by “consuming small amounts of food repetatively in a long period of time” which is also the targeted eating behavior inpsychological treatment of obesity. Prevalence of ‘grazing’ in clinical sample of obese patients referred for treatment is 33.2%, while it’s23.32% in the obese individuals in the community sample. ‘Grazing’ is frequently seen together with eating disorders; mostly with bingeeatingdisorder (BED). Major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders’ rates, stress levels, affective and cognitive dysregulation are foundhigher in people with ‘grazing’; while studies about relationship between impulsivity and ‘grazing’ give conflicting results. In line with thesefindings, cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapies are thought to be effective in handling with this atypical eatingpattern. If we take into account the fact that there can be many different atypical eating behaviors in obese BED patients; it’s safe to say that‘grazing’ should be an inseperable part of both clinical evaluation and treatment interventions of eating disorders especially BED.

Keywords

Atypical Eating Behavior Eating Disorders Grazing

Project Number

yok

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. (2008). Evidence for sugeraddiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects ofintermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci BiobehavRev, 32(1):20-39. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019.
  • Bonder R, Davis C, Kuk JL, Loxton NJ. (2018). Compulsive“grazing” and addictive tendencies towards food. Eur EatDisord Rev, 2018:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2642.
  • Busetto L, Segato G, De Marchi F, et al.(2002). Outcomepredictors in morbidly obese recipients of andadjustable gastric band. Obes Surg, 12: 12(1):83-92. DOI:10.1381/096089202321144649
  • Calles-Escandon J, JAspan J, Robbins DC.(1989). Postprandialoscillatory patterns of blood glucose and insuline inNIDDM: Abnormal diurnal insulin secretion patterns andglucose homeostass independent of obesity. DiabetesCare, 12(10):709-714.DOI: 10.2337/diacare.12.10.709
  • Carter FA, Jansen A. (2012). Improving psychological treatmentfor obesity. Which eating behaviours should we target?.Appetite, 58(3):1063-1069. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.016.
  • Colles SL, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. (2008). Loss of control is centralto psychological disturbance associated with binge eatingdisorder. Obesity, 16(3):608-614. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.99.
  • Conason A.(2014). Comment on: What is “grazing”? Reviewingits definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, andimpact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing astandardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 10 (Suppl.5):983.
  • Conceição EM, Crosby R, Mitchell JE, et al. (2013). Pickingor nibbling: frequency and associated clinical featuresin blumia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eatingdisorder. Int J Eat Disord, 46:815–8. DOI: 10.1002/eat.22167.
  • Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Engel S, Machado P, LancasterK, Wonderlich S. (2014). What is "grazing"? Reviewingits definition, frequency, clinical characteristics, andimpact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposing astandardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 10:973–82.DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.05.002.
  • Conceição EM, Mitchell JE, Machado PPP, et al.(2017).Repetitive eating questionnaire [rep(eat)-Q]: enlighteningthe concept of grazing and psychometric properties in aPortuguese sample. Appetite, 117:351–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.012.
  • Davis C.(2013). Compulsive overeating as an addictive behavior:Overlap between food addiction and binge eating disorder.Curr Obes Rep, 2: 171–178. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0049-8.
  • Davis C, Carter JC. (2014). If certain foods are addictive, howmight this change the treatment of compulsive overeatingand obesity?. Curr Addict Rep, 1: 89-95. DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0013-z
  • Davis C, Curtis C, Levitan RD, Carter JC, Kaplan AS, KennedyJL. (2011). Evidence that 'food addiction' is a validphenotype of obesity. Appetite, 57(3):711-717. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.017.
  • de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, et al. (2010).Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior18-35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbidobesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 6(1):79-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2009.08.011
  • Fairburn C, Cooper Z, O’Connor M.(2008). Eating disorderexamination (Edition 16.0D). Cognitive behavior therapyand eating disorders, Fairburn C (Ed), New York, GuilfordPress.
  • Fichter MM, Elton M, Engel K, Meyer AE, Mall H, Poustka F.(1991). Structured interview for anorexia and bulimianervosa (SIAB): Development of a new instrument for theassessment of eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 10 (5):571-592.
  • Fichter MM, Herpertz S, Quadflieg N, Herpertz-DahlmannB. (1998). Structured interview for anorexic and bulimicdisorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10: updated (third) revision.Int J Eat Disord, 24(3):227-249. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x.
  • Fichter MM, Quadflieg N. (2000). Comparing self- and expertrating: a self-report screening version (SIAB-S) of thestructured interview for anorexic and bulimic syndromesfor DSM-IV and ICD-10 (SIAB-EX). Eur Arch Psychiatry ClinNeurosci, 250(4):175-185. DOI: 10.1007/s004060070022
  • Goodpaster KPS, Marek RJ, Lavery ME, Ashton K, Merrell Rish J,Heinberg LJ. (2016). Graze eating among bariatric surgerycandidates: prevalence and psychosocial correlates.Surg Obes Relat Dis, 12(5):1091-1097. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.006.
  • Gowey MA, Reiter-Purtill J, Becnel J, et al. (2016). Weight-relatedcorrelates of psychological dysregulation in adolescent andyoung adult (AYA) females with severe obesity. Appetite,99:211-218. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.020.
  • Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Wilson GT, Gueorguieva R, White MA.(2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral weightloss, and sequential treatment for obese patients withbinge-eating disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JConsult Clin Psychol, 79(5):675-85. DOI: 10.1037/a0025049.
  • Hagan MM, Shuman ES, Oswald KD, et al.(2002). Incidenceof chaotic eating behaviors in binge-eating disorder:contributing factors. Behav Med, 28(3):99-105. DOI:10.1080/08964280209596048
  • Harvey EM, Raawson RA, Alexander E, Bachar KJ. (1994).Binge eating in males: A sample description andtreatment outcome study. Eat Disord, 2:3, 215-230. DOI:10.1080/10640269408249117.
  • Heriseanu AI, Hay P, Corbit L, Touyz S. (2017). Grazing inadults with obesity and eating disorders: A systematicreview of associated clinical features and meta-analysisof prevalence. Clin Psychol Rev, 58:16-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.004.
  • Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD. (2018). The case for stepped carefor weight management after bariatric surgery. Surg ObesRelat Dis, 14(1):112-116. DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.07.023
  • Kofman MD, Lent MR, Swencionis C.(2010). Maladaptive eatingpatterns, quality of life, and weight outcomes followinggastric bypass: results of an Internet survey. Obesity(Silver Spring), 18(10):1938-1943. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.27.
  • Kristeller J, Wolever RQ, Sheets V.(2014). Mindfulness-basedeating awareness training (MB-EAT) for binge eating: Arandomized clinical trial. Mindfulness, 5:282–297. DOI:10.1007/s12671-012-0179-1
  • Lane B, Szabo M. (2013). Uncontrolled, repetitive eating of smallamounts of food or ‘grazing’: Development and evaluationof a new measure of atypical eating. Behaviour Change,30(2): 57-73. DOI: 10.1017/bec.2013.6
  • Lane B, Szabó M. (2015). Comment on: What is 'grazing'?Reviewing its definition, frequency, clinical characteristics,and impact on bariatric surgery outcomes, and proposinga standardized definition. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 11(1):267.DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.10.019
  • Legenbauer TM, de Zwaan M, Mühlhans B, Petrak F, Herpertz S.(2010) Do mental disorders and eating patterns affect longtermweight loss maintenance?. Gen Hospital Psychiatry,32(2):132-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.09.001.
  • Mack I, Ölschläger S, Sauer H, et al. (2016). Does LaparoscopicSleeve Gastrectomy Improve Depression, Stress andEating Behaviour? A 4-Year Follow-up Study. Obes Surg,26(12):2967-2973. DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2219-8.
  • Masheb RM, Grilo CM, White MA. (2011). An examination ofeating patterns in community women with bulimia nervosaand binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord, 44(7):618-624.DOI: 10.1002/eat.20853.
  • Masheb RM, Roberto CA, White MA. (2013). Nibbling and pickingin obese patients with Binge Eating Disorder. Eat Behav,14(4):424-427. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.07.001.
  • Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. (2005). Binge eatingamong African American and Caucasian bariatric surgerycandidates. Eat Behav, 6(3):189-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.12.001.
  • Mazzeo SE, Saunders R, Mitchell KS. (2006). Gender and bingeeating among bariatric surgery candidates. Eat Behav,7(1):47-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.05.008.
  • Melo PG, Peixoto MRG, da Silveira EA. (2015). Binge eatingprevalence according to obesity degrees and associatedfactors in women. J Bras Psiquiatr, 64(2):100-106.
  • Micanti F, Iasevoli F, Cucciniello C, et al (2017). The relationshipbetween emotional regulation and eating behaviour: amultidimensional analysis of obesity psychopathology. EatWeight Disord, 22(1):105-115. DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0275-7
  • Mitchell JE, Devlin MJ, de Zwaan M. (2008). Binge-eatingdisorder: Clinical foundations and treatment, New York,Guilford Pres.
  • Nicolau J, Ayala L, Rivera R, et al.(2015). Postoperativegrazing as a risk factor for negative outcomes afterbariatric surgery. Eat Behav. 2015;18:147-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.008.
  • Pedram P, Wadden D, Amini P, et al.(2013). Food addiction: Itsprevalence and significant association with obesity in thegeneral population. PLoS One, 8(9):e74832. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074832.
  • Pizato N, Botelho PB, Gonçalves VSS, Dutra ES, de CarvalhoKMB. (2017). Effect of grazing Bbehavior on weight regainpost-bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Nutrients,9(12):1322. DOI:10.3390/nu9121322.
  • Reas DL, Wisting L, Kapstad H, Lask B. (2012). Nibbling:frequency and relationship to BMI, pattern of eating,and shape, weight, and eating concerns amonguniversity women. Eat Behav, 13(1):65-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.10.005
  • Rehm J, Gmel GE Sr, Gmel G, et al.(2017). The relationshipbetween different dimensions of alcohol use and theburden of disease-an update. Addiction, 112(6):968-1001.DOI: 10.1111/add.13757.
  • Reslan S, Saules KK, Greenwald MK, Schuh LM.(2014).Substance misuse following Roux-en-Y gastricbypass surgery. Subst Use Misuse, 49(4):405-417. DOI:10.3109/10826084.2013.841249.
  • Safer DL, Telch CF, Chen EY.(2009).Dialectical BehaviorTherapy for Binge Eating and Bulimia, New York, GuilfordPress.
  • Saunders R.(2001) Compulsive eating and gastric bypasssurgery: what does hunger have to do with it?. Obes Surg,11(6):757-761. DOI: 10.1381/09608920160558731.
  • Saunders R. (2004)."Grazing": a high-risk behavior. Obes Surg,14(1):98-102. DOI:10.1381/096089204772787374.
  • Saunders R, Johnson L, Teschner J. (1998). Prevalence ofeating disorders among bariatric surgery patients. EatDisord, 6: 309-317.
  • Wittig VR, Wittig JH. (1993). Severe Compulsive Overeating:how to obtain a more accurate history through nonshaming,non-blaming interview techniques. Obes Surg,3(1):79-84. DOI: 10.1381/096089293765559827.
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Mert Beşenek This is me 0000-0003-1637-2485

Cicek Hocaoglu 0000-0001-6613-4317

Project Number yok
Publication Date January 29, 2021
Submission Date July 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Beşenek, A. M., & Hocaoglu, C. (2021). Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1-8.
AMA Beşenek AM, Hocaoglu C. Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?. EurasianJHS. January 2021;4(1):1-8.
Chicago Beşenek, Ali Mert, and Cicek Hocaoglu. “Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4, no. 1 (January 2021): 1-8.
EndNote Beşenek AM, Hocaoglu C (January 1, 2021) Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4 1 1–8.
IEEE A. M. Beşenek and C. Hocaoglu, “Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?”, EurasianJHS, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2021.
ISNAD Beşenek, Ali Mert - Hocaoglu, Cicek. “Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4/1 (January 2021), 1-8.
JAMA Beşenek AM, Hocaoglu C. Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?. EurasianJHS. 2021;4:1–8.
MLA Beşenek, Ali Mert and Cicek Hocaoglu. “Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?”. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1-8.
Vancouver Beşenek AM, Hocaoglu C. Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Davranışı (Grazing) Nedir?. EurasianJHS. 2021;4(1):1-8.