Sigara, Alkol veya Madde Kullanan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Bağımlılığa Yönelik Farkındalık, Olumsuz Tutum ve Damgalama Düzeyleri

Figen Ünal Demir; Esma Akpınar Aslan; Sedat Batmaz; Zekiye Çelikbaş; Gökben Hızlı; Hüseyin Ünübol

doi:10.51982/bagimli.978640

Research Article

Sigara, Alkol veya Madde Kullanan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Bağımlılığa Yönelik Farkındalık, Olumsuz Tutum ve Damgalama Düzeyleri

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 86 - 94, 31.03.2022

Figen Ünal Demir Esma Akpınar Aslan Sedat Batmaz Zekiye Çelikbaş Gökben Hızlı Hüseyin Ünübol

https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.978640

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin tütün, alkol veya diğer madde kullanımlarına göre psikolojik sıkıntı düzeylerinin ve bağımlılık konusundaki farkındalık, olumsuz tutum ve damgalama düzeylerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 612 üniversite öğrencisi dahil edilmiştir ve katılımcılar çevrimiçi olarak uygulanan Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Bağımlılık İçin Üç Boyutlu Farkındalık, Tutum ve Damgalama Ölçeği, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi, Alkol Kullanım Bozuklukları Tanıma Testi, Madde Kötüye Kullanımı Tarama Testi, Depresyon Anksiyete Stres 21 Ölçeğini yanıtlamıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmamızda sigara içenlerde içmeyenlere göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek stres, anksiyete, depresyon puanları; daha düşük farkındalık, olumsuz tutum, damgalama puanları saptanmıştır. Alkol veya madde kullananlarda kulanmayanlara göre anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek anksiyete puanları; daha düşük farkındalık, olumsuz tutum puanları saptanmıştır. Farkındalık ile olumsuz tutum, damgalama, sigara kullanım puanları arasında pozitif yönlü korelasyon saptanırken, farkındalık ile anksiyete ve alkol kullanım puanları ile negatif yönlü korelasyon saptanmıştır. Alkol kullanım puanları ile anksiyete, depresyon, stres, nikotin kullanım puanları arasında pozitif yönlü korelasyon tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Alkol ve madde kullanımına sıklıkla psikiyatrik semptomlar eşlik etmektedir ve klinik değerlendirmede bu durum göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Özellikle riskli grup olan genç bireylerde bağımlılık konusunda farkındalığı artırmaya yönelik müdahaleler bağımlılığa karşı koruyucu olabilir.

Keywords

farkındalık, tutum, damgalama, bağımlılık

Supporting Institution

Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi

Project Number

20-KAEK-132

References

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2. Camí J, Farré M. Drug addiction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(10): 975–86.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th Ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
4. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2020), European Drug Report 2020: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
5. T.C. İçişleri Bakanliği Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Narkotik Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu 2019. Ankara, TUBİM, 2019.
6. Kandel D. Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science. 1975; 190(4217): 912–4.
7. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Resmi Sayfası, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Saglik-Arastirmasi-2019-33661 (24.07.2021’de ulaşıldı).
8. Mayda AS, Gerçek ÇG, Gümüş G, et al. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi öğrencilerinde alkol ve madde kullanımı sıklığı ve kullanmaya başlama nedenleri. Düzce Tıp Dergisi 2010; 12(3): 7-14.
9. Sönmez E, Akvardar Y. Gençlerde madde kullanımının önlenmesinde sosyal norm yaklaşımı ''Daha çok içtiğini düşünürsem, daha çok içerim''. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2015; 16(2): 86-94.
10. Skidmore CR, Kaufman EA, Crowell SE. Substance use among college students. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016; 25(4): 735–53.
11. Cadet JL. Epigenetics of stress, addiction, and resilience: therapeutic ımplications. Mol Neurobiol. 2016; 53(1): 545–60.
12. Gil-Rivas V, Prause JA, Grella CE. Substance use after residential treatment among ındividuals with co-occurring disorders: the role of anxiety/depressive symptoms and trauma exposure. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009; 23(2): 303–14.
13. Turner S, Mota N, Bolton J, Sareen J. Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature. Depression and Anxiety. 2018; 35(9): 851–60.
14. Davis L, Uezato A, Newell JM, Frazier E. Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008; 21(1): 14–8.
15. Schmidt NB, Buckner JD, Keough ME. Anxiety sensitivity as a prospective predictor of alcohol use disorders. Behav Modif. 2007; 31(2): 202–19.
16. Sinha R. The role of stress in addiction relapse. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007; 9(5): 388–95.
17. Potas N, Erçetin SS, Yilmaz M, et al. 3D scale for awareness, attitude, stigma of addiction. Stud Ethno-Medicine. 2016; 10(2): 156–65.
18. Robbins S. Örgütsel Davranışın Temelleri, Sevgi Ayşe Öztürk (çeviren). Eskişehir: ETAM Basım Yayın, 1994.
19. Barry CL, McGinty EE, Pescosolido BA, Goldman HH. Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: Public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2014; 65(10): 1269–72.
20. Corrigan PW, Larson JE, Kuwabara SA. Social psychology of the stigma of mental illness: public and self-stigma models. Maddux JE, Tangney JP (editors). Social Psychological Foundations of Clinical Psychology. 1. Baskı, New York: The Guilford Press, 2010: 51-71.
21. Birtel MD, Wood L, Kempa NJ. Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 252: 1–8.
22. Bozdağ N, Çuhadar D. Internalized stigma, self-efficacy and treatment motivation in patients with substance use disorders. J Subst Use. 2021 ( Baskıda).
23. Rao H, Mahadevappa H, Pillay P, et al. A study of stigmatized attitudes towards people with mental health problems among health professionals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2009; 16(3): 279–84.
24. Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for “thieving junkie scumbags”? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67(7): 1065–73.
25. Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007; 88(2–3): 188–96.
26. Kalyoncu ÖA, Mırsal H, Pektaş Ö, et al. Alkol bağımlılarında suçluluk ve utanç duyguları. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2002; 3(3): 160-164
27. Çam O, Ayakdaş Dağlı D. Alkol bağımlılarında içselleştirilmiş damgalama, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2017; 18(4): 145-151.
28. Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med. 2015; 45(1): 11–27.
29. Aslan Akpınar E, Batmaz S, Çelikbaş Z, et al. Prevalence of risk for substance-related and behavioral addictions among university students in Turkey. The Turkısh Journal on Addiction. 2021; 8(1): 35-44.
30. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991; 86(9): 1119–27.
31. Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşıdağ Ç, et al. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2004; 52(2): 115-121.
32. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al Development of the alcohol use disorders ıdentification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction. 1993; 88(6): 791–804.
33. Saatçioğlu Ö, Evren C, Çakmak D. Alkol kullanım bozuklukları tanıma testinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türkiye’de Psikiyatri. 2002; 4(2-3): 107-113.
34. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982; 7(4): 363–71.
35. Evren C, Can Y, Yılmaz A, et al. Psychometric properties of the drug abuse screening test (DAST-10) in heroin dependent adults and adolescents with drug use disorder. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2013; 26: 351-359.
36. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995; 33(3): 335–43.
37. Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005; 44(2): 227–39.
38. Yılmaz Ö, Boz H, Arslan A. Depresyon anksiyete stres ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2017; 2(2): 78-91.
39. Naquin MR, Gilbert GG. College students’ smoking behavior, perceived stress, and coping styles. J Drug Educ. 1996; 26(4): 367–76.
40. Siqueira L, Diab M, Bodian C, Rolnitzky L. Adolescents becoming smokers: The roles of stress and coping methods. J Adolesc Heal. 2000; 27(6): 399–408.
41. Lawless MH, Harrison KA, Grandits GA, et al. Perceived stress and smoking-related behaviors and symptomatology in male and female smokers. Addict Behav. 2015; 51: 80–3.
42. Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017; 19(1): 3–13.
43. Weinberger AH, Desai RA, McKee SA. Nicotine withdrawal in U.S. smokers with current mood, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010; 108(1–2): 7–12.
44. Watson NL, DeMarree KG, Cohen LM. Cigarette craving and stressful social interactions: The roles of state and trait social anxiety and smoking to cope. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018; 185: 75–81.
45. Mykletun A, Overland S, Aaro LE, et al. Smoking in relation to anxiety and depression: Evidence from a large population survey: The HUNT study. Eur Psychiatry 2008; 23: 77–84.
46. Paulus DJ, Zvolensky MJ. The prevalence and impact of elevated anxiety sensitivity among hazardous drinking college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020; 209: 107922.
47. Rudenstine S, Espinosa A, Kumar A. Depression and Anxiety Subgroups Across Alcohol Use Disorder and Substance Use in a National Epidemiologic Study. J Dual Diagn. 2020; 16(3): 299–311.
48. Dilbaz N, Yılmaz O. Duygudurum bozuklukları ve alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu eş tanısı ve tedavisi. Karamustafalıoğlu KO, editör. Bipolar Bozukluk. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2019: 27-34.
49. Vorspan F, Mehtelli W, Dupuy G, et al. Anxiety and substance use disorders: co-occurrence and clinical ıssues. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015; 17(2): 4.
50. Leigh J, Neighbors C. Enhancement motives mediate the positive association between mind/body awareness and college student drinking. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2009; 28(5): 650–69.
51. Bodenlos JS, Noonan M, Wells SY. Mindfulness and alcohol problems in college students: The mediating effects of stress. J Am Coll Heal. 2013; 61(6): 371–8.
52. Fernandez AC, Wood MD, Stein LAR, Rossi JS. Measuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences. Psychol Addict Behav. 2010; 24(4): 608–16.
53. Bramm SM, Cohn AM, Hagman BT. Can preoccupation with alcohol override the protective properties of mindful awareness on problematic drinking? Addict Disord Their Treat. 2013; 12(1): 19–27.
54. Levin ME, Dalrymple K, Zimmerman M. Which facets of mindfulness predict the presence of substance use disorders in an outpatient psychiatric sample? Psychol Addict Behav. 2014; 28(2): 498–506.
55. Bowen S, Enkema MC. Relationship between dispositional mindfulness and substance use: Findings from a clinical sample. Addict Behav. 2014; 39(3): 532–7.
56. Özyeşil Z, Arslan C, Kesici Ş, Deniz ME. Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği’ni Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2011; 36(160): 226-227.
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58. Yılmaz G, Kaylı DŞ. Toplumun bağımlılık yapıcı madde kullanan bireylere yönelik tutum ve davranışları: Manisa ili örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020; 18(1): 326–338.
59. Van Boekel LC, Brouwers EPM, Van Weeghel J, Garretsen HFL. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: Systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 131(1-2): 23-35.

Levels of Awareness, Negative Attitudes and Stigma towards Addictions of University Students Using Smoking, Alcohol, or Substances

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 86 - 94, 31.03.2022

Figen Ünal Demir Esma Akpınar Aslan Sedat Batmaz Zekiye Çelikbaş Gökben Hızlı Hüseyin Ünübol

https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.978640

Abstract

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the psychological distress levels of university students according to their tobacco, alcohol or other substance use and their awareness, negative attitude and stigmatization levels about addiction.
Method: 612 students were included in this study and they completed an online questionnaire consisting of the Sociodemographic Data Form, the Three-Dimensional Awareness for Addiction, Attitude and Stigma Scale, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Drug Abuse Screening Test and the Depression Anxiety Stress 21 Scale.
Results: In our study, significantly higher stress, anxiety, depression scores, and lower awareness, negative attitude, stigmatization scores were determined in smokers than nonsmokers. Significantly higher anxiety scores, and lower awareness, negative attitude scores were found in alcohol or
substance users than non-users. While there was a positive correlation between awareness and negative attitude, stigma, and smoking scores, there was a negative correlation between awareness and anxiety and alcohol use scores. A positive correlation was found between alcohol use scores and
anxiety, depression, stress, and nicotine use scores.
Conclusion: Alcohol and substance use are often accompanied by psychiatric symptoms and this should be considered in clinical evaluation. Interventions for improving awareness about addiction, especially in young individuals who are at risk for addiction, may be protective against addiction.

Keywords

Addiction, awareness, attitude, stigma

Project Number

20-KAEK-132

References

1. UZBAY İT. Madde bağımlılığının tarihçesi, tanımı, genel bilgiler ve bağımlılık yapan maddeler. Türk Eczacıları Birliği Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi. 2009; (21): 5-15.
2. Camí J, Farré M. Drug addiction. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(10): 975–86.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). 5th Ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
4. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2020), European Drug Report 2020: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
5. T.C. İçişleri Bakanliği Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Narkotik Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı, Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu 2019. Ankara, TUBİM, 2019.
6. Kandel D. Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science. 1975; 190(4217): 912–4.
7. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Resmi Sayfası, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Saglik-Arastirmasi-2019-33661 (24.07.2021’de ulaşıldı).
8. Mayda AS, Gerçek ÇG, Gümüş G, et al. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi öğrencilerinde alkol ve madde kullanımı sıklığı ve kullanmaya başlama nedenleri. Düzce Tıp Dergisi 2010; 12(3): 7-14.
9. Sönmez E, Akvardar Y. Gençlerde madde kullanımının önlenmesinde sosyal norm yaklaşımı ''Daha çok içtiğini düşünürsem, daha çok içerim''. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2015; 16(2): 86-94.
10. Skidmore CR, Kaufman EA, Crowell SE. Substance use among college students. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016; 25(4): 735–53.
11. Cadet JL. Epigenetics of stress, addiction, and resilience: therapeutic ımplications. Mol Neurobiol. 2016; 53(1): 545–60.
12. Gil-Rivas V, Prause JA, Grella CE. Substance use after residential treatment among ındividuals with co-occurring disorders: the role of anxiety/depressive symptoms and trauma exposure. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009; 23(2): 303–14.
13. Turner S, Mota N, Bolton J, Sareen J. Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature. Depression and Anxiety. 2018; 35(9): 851–60.
14. Davis L, Uezato A, Newell JM, Frazier E. Major depression and comorbid substance use disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008; 21(1): 14–8.
15. Schmidt NB, Buckner JD, Keough ME. Anxiety sensitivity as a prospective predictor of alcohol use disorders. Behav Modif. 2007; 31(2): 202–19.
16. Sinha R. The role of stress in addiction relapse. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2007; 9(5): 388–95.
17. Potas N, Erçetin SS, Yilmaz M, et al. 3D scale for awareness, attitude, stigma of addiction. Stud Ethno-Medicine. 2016; 10(2): 156–65.
18. Robbins S. Örgütsel Davranışın Temelleri, Sevgi Ayşe Öztürk (çeviren). Eskişehir: ETAM Basım Yayın, 1994.
19. Barry CL, McGinty EE, Pescosolido BA, Goldman HH. Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: Public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2014; 65(10): 1269–72.
20. Corrigan PW, Larson JE, Kuwabara SA. Social psychology of the stigma of mental illness: public and self-stigma models. Maddux JE, Tangney JP (editors). Social Psychological Foundations of Clinical Psychology. 1. Baskı, New York: The Guilford Press, 2010: 51-71.
21. Birtel MD, Wood L, Kempa NJ. Stigma and social support in substance abuse: Implications for mental health and well-being. Psychiatry Res. 2017; 252: 1–8.
22. Bozdağ N, Çuhadar D. Internalized stigma, self-efficacy and treatment motivation in patients with substance use disorders. J Subst Use. 2021 ( Baskıda).
23. Rao H, Mahadevappa H, Pillay P, et al. A study of stigmatized attitudes towards people with mental health problems among health professionals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2009; 16(3): 279–84.
24. Radcliffe P, Stevens A. Are drug treatment services only for “thieving junkie scumbags”? Drug users and the management of stigmatised identities. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67(7): 1065–73.
25. Ahern J, Stuber J, Galea S. Stigma, discrimination and the health of illicit drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007; 88(2–3): 188–96.
26. Kalyoncu ÖA, Mırsal H, Pektaş Ö, et al. Alkol bağımlılarında suçluluk ve utanç duyguları. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2002; 3(3): 160-164
27. Çam O, Ayakdaş Dağlı D. Alkol bağımlılarında içselleştirilmiş damgalama, suçluluk ve utanç duyguları. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2017; 18(4): 145-151.
28. Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, et al. What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med. 2015; 45(1): 11–27.
29. Aslan Akpınar E, Batmaz S, Çelikbaş Z, et al. Prevalence of risk for substance-related and behavioral addictions among university students in Turkey. The Turkısh Journal on Addiction. 2021; 8(1): 35-44.
30. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991; 86(9): 1119–27.
31. Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşıdağ Ç, et al. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tüberküloz ve Toraks Dergisi. 2004; 52(2): 115-121.
32. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, et al Development of the alcohol use disorders ıdentification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction. 1993; 88(6): 791–804.
33. Saatçioğlu Ö, Evren C, Çakmak D. Alkol kullanım bozuklukları tanıma testinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türkiye’de Psikiyatri. 2002; 4(2-3): 107-113.
34. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982; 7(4): 363–71.
35. Evren C, Can Y, Yılmaz A, et al. Psychometric properties of the drug abuse screening test (DAST-10) in heroin dependent adults and adolescents with drug use disorder. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences. 2013; 26: 351-359.
36. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995; 33(3): 335–43.
37. Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005; 44(2): 227–39.
38. Yılmaz Ö, Boz H, Arslan A. Depresyon anksiyete stres ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe kısa formunun geçerlilik-güvenilirlik çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2017; 2(2): 78-91.
39. Naquin MR, Gilbert GG. College students’ smoking behavior, perceived stress, and coping styles. J Drug Educ. 1996; 26(4): 367–76.
40. Siqueira L, Diab M, Bodian C, Rolnitzky L. Adolescents becoming smokers: The roles of stress and coping methods. J Adolesc Heal. 2000; 27(6): 399–408.
41. Lawless MH, Harrison KA, Grandits GA, et al. Perceived stress and smoking-related behaviors and symptomatology in male and female smokers. Addict Behav. 2015; 51: 80–3.
42. Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The association of cigarette smoking with depression and anxiety: A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017; 19(1): 3–13.
43. Weinberger AH, Desai RA, McKee SA. Nicotine withdrawal in U.S. smokers with current mood, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010; 108(1–2): 7–12.
44. Watson NL, DeMarree KG, Cohen LM. Cigarette craving and stressful social interactions: The roles of state and trait social anxiety and smoking to cope. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018; 185: 75–81.
45. Mykletun A, Overland S, Aaro LE, et al. Smoking in relation to anxiety and depression: Evidence from a large population survey: The HUNT study. Eur Psychiatry 2008; 23: 77–84.
46. Paulus DJ, Zvolensky MJ. The prevalence and impact of elevated anxiety sensitivity among hazardous drinking college students. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020; 209: 107922.
47. Rudenstine S, Espinosa A, Kumar A. Depression and Anxiety Subgroups Across Alcohol Use Disorder and Substance Use in a National Epidemiologic Study. J Dual Diagn. 2020; 16(3): 299–311.
48. Dilbaz N, Yılmaz O. Duygudurum bozuklukları ve alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu eş tanısı ve tedavisi. Karamustafalıoğlu KO, editör. Bipolar Bozukluk. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2019: 27-34.
49. Vorspan F, Mehtelli W, Dupuy G, et al. Anxiety and substance use disorders: co-occurrence and clinical ıssues. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015; 17(2): 4.
50. Leigh J, Neighbors C. Enhancement motives mediate the positive association between mind/body awareness and college student drinking. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2009; 28(5): 650–69.
51. Bodenlos JS, Noonan M, Wells SY. Mindfulness and alcohol problems in college students: The mediating effects of stress. J Am Coll Heal. 2013; 61(6): 371–8.
52. Fernandez AC, Wood MD, Stein LAR, Rossi JS. Measuring mindfulness and examining its relationship with alcohol use and negative consequences. Psychol Addict Behav. 2010; 24(4): 608–16.
53. Bramm SM, Cohn AM, Hagman BT. Can preoccupation with alcohol override the protective properties of mindful awareness on problematic drinking? Addict Disord Their Treat. 2013; 12(1): 19–27.
54. Levin ME, Dalrymple K, Zimmerman M. Which facets of mindfulness predict the presence of substance use disorders in an outpatient psychiatric sample? Psychol Addict Behav. 2014; 28(2): 498–506.
55. Bowen S, Enkema MC. Relationship between dispositional mindfulness and substance use: Findings from a clinical sample. Addict Behav. 2014; 39(3): 532–7.
56. Özyeşil Z, Arslan C, Kesici Ş, Deniz ME. Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği’ni Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim. 2011; 36(160): 226-227.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Psychiatry
Journal Section	Research
Authors	Figen Ünal Demir 0000-0002-8258-2600 Esma Akpınar Aslan 0000-0003-4714-6894 Sedat Batmaz 0000-0003-0585-2184 Zekiye Çelikbaş 0000-0003-4728-7304 Gökben Hızlı 0000-0002-2514-5682 Hüseyin Ünübol 0000-0003-4404-6062
Project Number	20-KAEK-132
Publication Date	March 31, 2022
Acceptance Date	September 23, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA	Ünal Demir F, Akpınar Aslan E, Batmaz S, Çelikbaş Z, Hızlı G, Ünübol H. Sigara, Alkol veya Madde Kullanan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Bağımlılığa Yönelik Farkındalık, Olumsuz Tutum ve Damgalama Düzeyleri. Bağımlılık Dergisi. March 2022;23(1):86-94. doi:10.51982/bagimli.978640

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Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence