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Retrospective Evaluation of In-Hospital and Thirty-Month Mortality Parameters in Cases of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 80 - 91, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.56016/dahudermj.1112297

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study is to retrospectively assess, from the hospital records of patients, the clinical data of patients and the treatment strategies practiced on patients who were diagnosed as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and hospitalized and treated in the Hospital of Faculty of Medicine to research the effect of these data on occurrence of cardiovascular events and 30 months mortality.
Methods: It is a retrospective screening study in which patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of ACS between June 2007 and December 2008 in the Hospital of Faculty of Medicine Cardiology Clinic are evaluated by using patient file information and electronic data recording system information, and by calling patients. In-hospital and long-term follow-up deaths were the endpoints of the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 15.0).
Results: 985 patients were included in the study who were diagnosed as ACS, hospitalized and treated in the hospital. The categorization of the patients subjected to the analysis (n:901) according to their diagnosis is as follows: 339 (38%) cases diagnosed as UAP, 206 (23%) cases diagnosed as NSTEMI, and 356 (39%) cases diagnosed as STEMI. 78,4 % of cases were male while 21,6 % were female. It was found that cases with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity risk factor, and with a history of cardiovascular disease fall into the NSTEMI and UAP groups with a larger proportion. Among the groups, the UAP diagnosed cases have the largest and the STEMI diagnosed cases have the smallest ratio of using medicine groups such as beta blocker, calcium-canal blocker, ACE inhibitor, ARB, diuretic, statin, fibrate and nitrate before being hospitalized. In-hospital mortality was frequently encountered with a percentage of 7.6 % in STEMI cases, 2.4 % in NSTEMI cases, and 0.6 % in UAP cases. 30-months of follow-up data were obtained in all diagnosis groups for long-term mortality assessment. 70 (7.8 %) deaths were observed within the follow-up. According to diagnosis groups, death was observed in 22 (6.5 %) of UAP cases, 22 (10.7 %) of NSTEMI cases, and 26 (7.3 %) of STEMI cases. Correlation between long-term survival (30 months) and in-hospital statin usage and statin usage in discharge was not significant (p value respectively 0.1 and 0.16). Correlation between an approximate 30-months-survival and in-hospital ACE inhibitor/ARB inhibitor usage and ACE inhibitor/ARB inhibitor usage during discharge was significant (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004). It is also found that there was a significant correlation between survival in the same period of time and in-hospital beta blocker usage (p = 0.01). There was not a significant correlation between beta blocker usage during discharge and long-term survival (p = 0.779).
Conclusion: Results of the unicentral retrospective scanning study which involves 901 ACS diagnosed patients prove to be similar to the ones obtained from GRACE and Euro Heart Survey prospective studies which were carried out in multi-central environment and among outnumbered patients.

References

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  • 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 14, 7 April 2021, Pages 1289 –1367, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
  • Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, de Werf FV, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Anderson FA Jr, Granger CB. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ 2006;333:1091. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55
  • Hasdai D, Behar S, Wallentin L, Danchin N, Gitt AK, Boersma E, Fioretti PM, Simoons ML and Battler A. A prospective survey of the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin The Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS).European Heart Journal (2002) 23, 1190–1201.doi: 10.1053/euhj.2002.3193.
  • Fox KAA, Cokkinos DV, Deckers J, Keil U, Maggioni A and Steg G. The ENACT study: a pan-European survey of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal (2000) 21, 1440–1449. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2185.
  • Tokgözoğlu L, Kaya EB, Erol Ç, Ergene O. EUROASPIRE III: a comparison between Turkey and Europe. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol 2010;38(3):164-172.
  • Yusuf S , Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effect of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200001203420301.
  • Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA) Lancet 2003; 362: 782-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14286-9.
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  • Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ. Comparative effects of three beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol) on survival after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:823-826. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01520-4.
  • COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1622–1632. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67661-1.
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  • El Nasasra A, Beigel R, Klempfner R, Alnsasra H, Matetzky S, Iakobishvili Z, Rubinshtein R, Halabi M, Blatt A, Zahger D. Comparison of Outcomes with or without Beta-Blocker Therapy After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Without Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (from the Acute Coronary Syndromes Israeli Survey [ACSIS])Am J Cardiol. 2021 Mar 15;143:1-6.doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.12.044
  • Abi Khalil C, Zubaid M, Mekhaimar M, Asaad N, Mahfoud Z, Al Suwaidi J. Beta-blockers and Short-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes In Patients Hospitalized For Acute Coronary Syndrome and a Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≥40. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 26;10(1):3520. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60528-y
  • Evaluation of decreased usage of betablockers after myocardial infarction in the SWEDEHEART registry (REDUCE-SWEDEHEART). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03278509.
  • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821–828.
  • GISSI-3. Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet 1994;343:1115–1122.
  • Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Ryden L, Wedel H: Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 327:678-684,1992. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271002.
  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669–677. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271001.
  • ISIS-4. A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1995;345:669–685.
  • Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:80–85. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199501123320203.
  • Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670–1676. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199512213332503.
  • Marc A. Pfeffer, M.D., Ph.D., John J.V. McMurray, M.D., Eric J. Velazquez, M.D., Jean-Lucien Rouleau, M.D., Lars Køber, M.D., Aldo P. Maggioni, M.D., Scott D. Solomon, M.D., Karl Swedberg, M.D., Ph.D., Frans Van de Werf, M.D., Ph.D., Harvey White, D.Sc., Jeffrey D. Leimberger, Ph.D., Marc Henis, M.D., Susan Edwards, M.S., Steven Zelenkofske, D.O., Mary Ann Sellers, M.S.N., and Robert M. Califf, M.D. for the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1893-1906. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032292
  • Mc MUrrey JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al., CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003;362:767-771. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3.
  • Granger CB, Mc MUrrey JJ, Yusu S, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003;362:772-776. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5.
  • Sud M, Ko DT, Chong A, Koh M, Azizi PM, Austin PC, Stukel TA, Jackevicius CA. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and major cardiovascular events and acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease.Pharmacotherapy. 2021 Dec;41(12):988-997. doi: 10.1002/phar.2624.
  • Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
  • Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD et al. Rationale and design of the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Agressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study that evaluates in unstable angina pectoris and in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:578- 156 581. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00963-6.
  • Blazing MA, De Lemos JA Dyke CK, Califf RM, Bilheimer D, Braunwald E. The A-to-Z Trial: Methods and rationale for a single trial investigating combined use of low-molecular-weight heparin with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban and defining the efficacy of early aggressive simvastatin therapy. Am Heart J. 2001 Aug;142(2):211-7. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.116959.
  • Nissen SE. High dose statins in acute coronary syndromes: not just lipid levels. JAMA 2004;292:1365-1367. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.11.1365.
  • Yu S, Jin J, Chen Z, Luo X .High-intensity statin therapy yields better outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analysis involving 26,497 patients.Lipids Health Dis. 2020 Aug 23;19(1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01369-6.
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Year 2022, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 80 - 91, 29.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.56016/dahudermj.1112297

Abstract

References

  • 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) European Heart Journal, Volume 39, Issue 2, 07 January 2018, Pages 119–177, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
  • 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) European Heart Journal, Volume 42, Issue 14, 7 April 2021, Pages 1289 –1367, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
  • Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, de Werf FV, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Anderson FA Jr, Granger CB. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ 2006;333:1091. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55
  • Hasdai D, Behar S, Wallentin L, Danchin N, Gitt AK, Boersma E, Fioretti PM, Simoons ML and Battler A. A prospective survey of the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin The Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS).European Heart Journal (2002) 23, 1190–1201.doi: 10.1053/euhj.2002.3193.
  • Fox KAA, Cokkinos DV, Deckers J, Keil U, Maggioni A and Steg G. The ENACT study: a pan-European survey of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal (2000) 21, 1440–1449. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2000.2185.
  • Tokgözoğlu L, Kaya EB, Erol Ç, Ergene O. EUROASPIRE III: a comparison between Turkey and Europe. Arch Turk Soc Cardiol 2010;38(3):164-172.
  • Yusuf S , Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G.The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effect of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200001203420301.
  • Fox KM; EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA) Lancet 2003; 362: 782-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14286-9.
  • ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547-59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0801317.
  • 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). European Heart Journal, Volume 41, Issue 1, 1 January 2020, Pages 111–188, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
  • Rosenson RS: Myocardial injury : the acute phase response and lipoprotein metabolism. JACC 1993; 22(3): 933-40. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90213-k.
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360:7-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3.
  • Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT investigators.Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial--Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003 Apr 5;361(9364):1149-58. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0
  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolaemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group (WOSCOPS). N Engl J Med 1995:16;333(20):1301-1307. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199511163332001.
  • Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, et al. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systemic review of meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999;318:1730-1737. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730.
  • Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ. Comparative effects of three beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol) on survival after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:823-826. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01520-4.
  • COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366:1622–1632. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67661-1.
  • Raposeiras-Roubin S, Abu-Assi E, Caneiro-Queija B, Cobas-Paz R, Rioboo-Lestón L, García Rodríguez C, Giraldez Lemos C, Blanco Vidal M, Ogando Guillán B, Pérez Martínez I, Paredes-Galán E, Jimenez-Díaz V, Baz-Alonso JA, Calvo-Iglesias F, Íñiguez-Romo A. . Effect of beta-blocker dose on mortality after acute coronary syndrome.Rev Port Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2018 Mar;37(3):239-245. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2017.06.
  • El Nasasra A, Beigel R, Klempfner R, Alnsasra H, Matetzky S, Iakobishvili Z, Rubinshtein R, Halabi M, Blatt A, Zahger D. Comparison of Outcomes with or without Beta-Blocker Therapy After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Without Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (from the Acute Coronary Syndromes Israeli Survey [ACSIS])Am J Cardiol. 2021 Mar 15;143:1-6.doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.12.044
  • Abi Khalil C, Zubaid M, Mekhaimar M, Asaad N, Mahfoud Z, Al Suwaidi J. Beta-blockers and Short-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes In Patients Hospitalized For Acute Coronary Syndrome and a Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction ≥40. Sci Rep. 2020 Feb 26;10(1):3520. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60528-y
  • Evaluation of decreased usage of betablockers after myocardial infarction in the SWEDEHEART registry (REDUCE-SWEDEHEART). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03278509.
  • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821–828.
  • GISSI-3. Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico. Lancet 1994;343:1115–1122.
  • Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Ryden L, Wedel H: Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 327:678-684,1992. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271002.
  • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669–677. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271001.
  • ISIS-4. A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1995;345:669–685.
  • Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensinconverting- enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:80–85. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199501123320203.
  • Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670–1676. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199512213332503.
  • Marc A. Pfeffer, M.D., Ph.D., John J.V. McMurray, M.D., Eric J. Velazquez, M.D., Jean-Lucien Rouleau, M.D., Lars Køber, M.D., Aldo P. Maggioni, M.D., Scott D. Solomon, M.D., Karl Swedberg, M.D., Ph.D., Frans Van de Werf, M.D., Ph.D., Harvey White, D.Sc., Jeffrey D. Leimberger, Ph.D., Marc Henis, M.D., Susan Edwards, M.S., Steven Zelenkofske, D.O., Mary Ann Sellers, M.S.N., and Robert M. Califf, M.D. for the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1893-1906. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032292
  • Mc MUrrey JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al., CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003;362:767-771. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3.
  • Granger CB, Mc MUrrey JJ, Yusu S, et al, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003;362:772-776. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5.
  • Sud M, Ko DT, Chong A, Koh M, Azizi PM, Austin PC, Stukel TA, Jackevicius CA. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and major cardiovascular events and acute kidney injury in patients with coronary artery disease.Pharmacotherapy. 2021 Dec;41(12):988-997. doi: 10.1002/phar.2624.
  • Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-1504. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
  • Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD et al. Rationale and design of the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Agressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) study that evaluates in unstable angina pectoris and in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:578- 156 581. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00963-6.
  • Blazing MA, De Lemos JA Dyke CK, Califf RM, Bilheimer D, Braunwald E. The A-to-Z Trial: Methods and rationale for a single trial investigating combined use of low-molecular-weight heparin with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban and defining the efficacy of early aggressive simvastatin therapy. Am Heart J. 2001 Aug;142(2):211-7. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.116959.
  • Nissen SE. High dose statins in acute coronary syndromes: not just lipid levels. JAMA 2004;292:1365-1367. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.11.1365.
  • Yu S, Jin J, Chen Z, Luo X .High-intensity statin therapy yields better outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analysis involving 26,497 patients.Lipids Health Dis. 2020 Aug 23;19(1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12944-020-01369-6.
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There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Bahadir Alan 0000-0002-6253-2323

Latife Kayıkçıoğlu 0000-0003-3692-5227

İrmak Sayın Alan 0000-0001-9761-1630

Publication Date July 29, 2022
Submission Date May 3, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Alan B, Kayıkçıoğlu L, Sayın Alan İ (July 1, 2022) Retrospective Evaluation of In-Hospital and Thirty-Month Mortality Parameters in Cases of Acute Coronary Syndrome. DAHUDER Medical Journal 2 3 80–91.



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