Review
Year 2023,
Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 30.04.2023
Abstract
Natural disasters cause extensive damage to nature and impact on large numbers of people throughout the world. Recently, earthquakes have caused a large number of death, injured, missing, and displaced people. More than a million earthquakes occur worldwide every year, which equates to roughly two earthquakes per minute. Lung problems in earthquakes are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality. Many pulmonary complications that occur after earthquakes are a direct result of the disaster itself. Pulmonary complications such as inhalation of dust and particulates from collapsed buildings in earthquakes, aspiration of water and pathogens due to tsunami after earthquakes, pulmonary thromboembolism, psychological effects caused by respiratory symptoms, infectious respiratory diseases and chest traumas such as pneumothorax, rib fracture, hemothorax, hemopneumothorax, diaphragmatic tear can develop after earthquakes. People in the earthquake area, search and rescue teams, and those involved in demolition and debris removal activities are at risk for asbestos exposure. The most effective solution against the lung effects of earthquakes is to take preventive and protective measures. It is very important for disaster preparedness and response teams to be aware of these problems. Respiratory problems that may arise in earthquakes were discussed in this review.
Keywords
References
- Robinson B, Alatas MF, Robertson A, Steer H. Natural disasters and the lung. Respirology. 2011;16(3):386-95.
- Kokai M, Fujii S, Shinfuku N, Edwards G. Natural disaster and mental health in Asia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58(2):110-6.
- D'Aloisio F, Vittorini P, Giuliani AR, Scatigna M, Del Papa J, Muselli M, et al. Hospitalization rates for respiratory diseases after L'Aquila earthquake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2109.
- Bartels SA, VanRooyen MJ. Medical complications associated with earthquakes. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):748-57.
- Balbay EG. Inhalation damage in flood and earthquake. In: Akgün M, Akkurt İ, Arbak P, editors. Control and treatment of acute occupational and environmental inhalation injuries. 11th ed. Istanbul, Türkiye: Logos Publishing; 2019. p.119-26.
- Sakuma M, Nakamura M, Hanzawa K, Kobayashi T, Kuroiwa M, Nakanishi N, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism after an earthquake in Japan. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32(8):856-60.
- Fireman EM, Lerman Y, Ganor E, Greif J, Fireman-Shoresh S, Lioy PJ, et al. Induced sputum assessment in New York City firefighters exposed to World Trade Center dust. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15):1564-9.
- Banauch GI, Alleyne D, Sanchez R, Olender K, Cohen HW, Weiden M, et al. Persistent hyperreactivity and reactive airway dysfunction in firefighters at the World Trade Center. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(1):54-62.
- Prezant DJ, Levin S, Kelly KJ, Aldrich TK. Upper and lower respiratory diseases after occupational and environmental disasters. Mt Sinai J Med. 2008;75(2):89-100.
- Aldrich TK, Gustave J, Hall CB, Cohen HW, Webber MP, Zeig-Owens R, et al. Lung function in rescue workers at the World Trade Center after 7 years. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1263-72.
- Wilken D, Velasco Garrido M, Manuwald U, Baur X. Lung function in asbestos-exposed workers, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2011;6:21.
- Wickramatillake BA, Fernando MA, Frank AL. Prevalence of asbestos-related disease among workers in Sri Lanka. Ann Glob Health. 2019;85(1):108.
- Mavrouli M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Tsakris A. Respiratory infections following earthquake-induced tsunamis: transmission risk factors and lessons learned for disaster risk management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4952.
- Du W, FitzGerald GJ, Clark M, Hou XY. Health impacts of floods. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(3):265-72.
- Bierens JJ, Knape JT, Gelissen HP. Drowning. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8(6):578-86.
- van Berkel M, Bierens JJ, Lie RL, de Rooy TP, Kool LJ, van de Velde EA, et al. Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims; a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(2):101-7.
- Yamada S, Gunatilake RP, Roytman TM, Gunatilake S, Fernando T, Fernando L. The Sri Lanka tsunami experience. Disaster Manag Response. 2006;4(2):38-48.
- Ender PT, Dolan MJ. Pneumonia associated with near-drowning. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(4):896-907.
- Vieira DF, Van Saene HK, Miranda DR. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after near-drowning. Intensive Care Med. 1984;10(4):203-4.
- Fisher JF, Shadomy S, Teabeaut JR, Woodward J, Michaels GE, Newman MA, et al. Near-drowning complicated by brain abscess due to Petriellidium boydii. Arch Neurol. 1982;39(8):511-3.
- Potera C. Infectious disease: in disaster’s wake: tsunami lung. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(11):A734.
- Inoue Y, Fujino Y, Onodera M, Kikuchi S, Shozushima T, Ogino N, et al. Tsunami lung. J Anesth. 2012;26(2):246-9.
- Bulut M, Fedakar R, Akkose S, Akgoz S, Ozguc H, Tokyay R. Medical experience of a university hospital in Turkey after the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(7):494-8.
- Sullivan KM, Hossain SM. Earthquake mortality in Pakistan. Disasters. 2010;34(1):176-83.
- Ozdoğan S, Hocaoğlu A, Cağlayan B, Imamoğlu OU, Aydin D. Thorax and lung injuries arising from the two earthquakes in Turkey in 1999. Chest. 2001;120(4):1163-6.
- Şehitoğulları A, Kahraman A, Sayır F, Akın O, Sevilgen G, Çobanoğlu U. Clinical profile of thorax and lung injuries associated with the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Eur J Gen Med. 2013;10(2):69-73.
- Toker A, Isitmangil T, Erdik O, Sancakli I, Sebit S. Analysis of chest injuries sustained during the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Surg Today. 2002;32(9):769-71.
- Gianesini S, Menegatti E, Bottini O, Chi YW. Review on disasters and lower limb venous disease. Ann Vasc Dis. 2021;14(4):315-22.
- Sato K, Sakamoto K, Hashimoto Y, Hanzawa K, Sueta D, Kojima S, et al; KEEP Project. Risk factors and prevalence of deep vein thrombosis after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Circ J. 2019;83(6):1342-8. Watanabe H, Kodama M, Tanabe N, Nakamura Y, Nagai T, Sato M, et al. Impact of earthquakes on risk for pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol. 2008;129(1):152-4.
- Sueta D, Akahoshi R, Okamura Y, Kojima S, Ikemoto T, Yamamoto E, et al. Venous thromboembolism due to oral contraceptive intake and spending nights in a vehicle -a case from the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Intern Med. 2017;56(4):409-12.
- Davidson JR, McFarlane AC. The extent and impact of mental health problems after disaster. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl 2):9-14.
- McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay P. Physical symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(7):715-26.
- Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):1-5.
- World Health Organization. Acute jaundice syndrome. Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report. 2006;23:8.
- World Health Organization. Epidemic-prone disease surveillance and response after the tsunami in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005;80(18):160-4.
- Gayer M, Watson J, Legros D. Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations. WHO guidelines for humanitarian agencies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
- Kun P, Wang Z, Chen X, Le H, Gong X, Zhang L, et al. Public health status and influence factors after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake among survivors in Sichuan province, China: cross-sectional trial. Public Health. 2010;124(10):573-80.
- Lienhardt C, Sillah J, Fielding K, Donkor S, Manneh K, Warndorff D, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection in children in contact with infectious tuberculosis cases in the Gambia, West Africa. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Pt 1):e608-14.
- Shears P. Epidemiology and infection in famine and disasters. Epidemiol Infect. 1991;107(2):241-51.
- Balbay O, Balbay EG, Arbak P, Annakkaya AN, Bilgin C. The effects of two sequential earthquakes on tuberculosis patients: an experience from Duzce earthquake. HealthMED. 2011;5(3):589-95.
- Miner MC, Burns-Grant G, DeGraw C, Wallace C, Pozsik C, Jereb J. Integrated preparedness for continuity of tuberculosis care after Hurricanes Gustav and Ike: Louisiana and Texas, 2008. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(4):518-9.
Year 2023,
Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 1 - 5, 30.04.2023
Abstract
Doğal afetler, doğaya büyük zarar vermekte ve dünya çapında çok sayıda insanı etkilemektedir. Yakın zamanda, depremler çok sayıda can kaybına, yaralıya, kayıplara ve insanların yaşadıkları yerden ayrılmak zorunda kalmalarına neden olmuştur. Her yıl dünya çapında bir milyondan fazla deprem olmakta, bu da yaklaşık dakikada iki depreme denk gelmektedir. Depremlerdeki akciğer sorunları, morbidite ve mortalitenin ana nedenlerinden biridir. Depremlerden sonra meydana gelen pek çok pulmoner komplikasyon, felaketin kendisinin doğrudan bir sonucudur. Depremlerde yıkılan binalardan çıkan toz ve partiküllerin solunması, deprem sonrası oluşan tsunamiye bağlı su ve patojenlerin aspirasyonu, pulmoner tromboemboli, solunum semptomlarının neden olduğu psikolojik etkiler, depremlerden sonra ortaya çıkan bulaşıcı solunum yolu hastalıkları ve pnömotoraks, kaburga kırığı, hemotoraks, hemopnömotoraks, diyafragma yırtığı gibi göğüs travmaları gibi birçok pulmoner komplikasyon gelişebilmektedir. Deprem bölgesindeki insanlar, arama kurtarma ekipleri, yıkım ve enkaz kaldırma faaliyetlerinde bulunanlar asbeste maruz kalma riski altındadır. Depremlerin akciğerlere olan etkilerine karşı en etkili çözüm önleyici ve koruyucu tedbirlerin alınmasıdır. Afete hazırlık ve müdahale ekiplerinin bu sorunların farkında olması çok önemlidir. Bu derlemede depremlerde ortaya çıkabilecek solunumsal sorunlar ele alınmıştır.
References
- Robinson B, Alatas MF, Robertson A, Steer H. Natural disasters and the lung. Respirology. 2011;16(3):386-95.
- Kokai M, Fujii S, Shinfuku N, Edwards G. Natural disaster and mental health in Asia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;58(2):110-6.
- D'Aloisio F, Vittorini P, Giuliani AR, Scatigna M, Del Papa J, Muselli M, et al. Hospitalization rates for respiratory diseases after L'Aquila earthquake. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2109.
- Bartels SA, VanRooyen MJ. Medical complications associated with earthquakes. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):748-57.
- Balbay EG. Inhalation damage in flood and earthquake. In: Akgün M, Akkurt İ, Arbak P, editors. Control and treatment of acute occupational and environmental inhalation injuries. 11th ed. Istanbul, Türkiye: Logos Publishing; 2019. p.119-26.
- Sakuma M, Nakamura M, Hanzawa K, Kobayashi T, Kuroiwa M, Nakanishi N, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism after an earthquake in Japan. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32(8):856-60.
- Fireman EM, Lerman Y, Ganor E, Greif J, Fireman-Shoresh S, Lioy PJ, et al. Induced sputum assessment in New York City firefighters exposed to World Trade Center dust. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15):1564-9.
- Banauch GI, Alleyne D, Sanchez R, Olender K, Cohen HW, Weiden M, et al. Persistent hyperreactivity and reactive airway dysfunction in firefighters at the World Trade Center. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(1):54-62.
- Prezant DJ, Levin S, Kelly KJ, Aldrich TK. Upper and lower respiratory diseases after occupational and environmental disasters. Mt Sinai J Med. 2008;75(2):89-100.
- Aldrich TK, Gustave J, Hall CB, Cohen HW, Webber MP, Zeig-Owens R, et al. Lung function in rescue workers at the World Trade Center after 7 years. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1263-72.
- Wilken D, Velasco Garrido M, Manuwald U, Baur X. Lung function in asbestos-exposed workers, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2011;6:21.
- Wickramatillake BA, Fernando MA, Frank AL. Prevalence of asbestos-related disease among workers in Sri Lanka. Ann Glob Health. 2019;85(1):108.
- Mavrouli M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Tsakris A. Respiratory infections following earthquake-induced tsunamis: transmission risk factors and lessons learned for disaster risk management. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4952.
- Du W, FitzGerald GJ, Clark M, Hou XY. Health impacts of floods. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(3):265-72.
- Bierens JJ, Knape JT, Gelissen HP. Drowning. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8(6):578-86.
- van Berkel M, Bierens JJ, Lie RL, de Rooy TP, Kool LJ, van de Velde EA, et al. Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims; a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(2):101-7.
- Yamada S, Gunatilake RP, Roytman TM, Gunatilake S, Fernando T, Fernando L. The Sri Lanka tsunami experience. Disaster Manag Response. 2006;4(2):38-48.
- Ender PT, Dolan MJ. Pneumonia associated with near-drowning. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25(4):896-907.
- Vieira DF, Van Saene HK, Miranda DR. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after near-drowning. Intensive Care Med. 1984;10(4):203-4.
- Fisher JF, Shadomy S, Teabeaut JR, Woodward J, Michaels GE, Newman MA, et al. Near-drowning complicated by brain abscess due to Petriellidium boydii. Arch Neurol. 1982;39(8):511-3.
- Potera C. Infectious disease: in disaster’s wake: tsunami lung. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(11):A734.
- Inoue Y, Fujino Y, Onodera M, Kikuchi S, Shozushima T, Ogino N, et al. Tsunami lung. J Anesth. 2012;26(2):246-9.
- Bulut M, Fedakar R, Akkose S, Akgoz S, Ozguc H, Tokyay R. Medical experience of a university hospital in Turkey after the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(7):494-8.
- Sullivan KM, Hossain SM. Earthquake mortality in Pakistan. Disasters. 2010;34(1):176-83.
- Ozdoğan S, Hocaoğlu A, Cağlayan B, Imamoğlu OU, Aydin D. Thorax and lung injuries arising from the two earthquakes in Turkey in 1999. Chest. 2001;120(4):1163-6.
- Şehitoğulları A, Kahraman A, Sayır F, Akın O, Sevilgen G, Çobanoğlu U. Clinical profile of thorax and lung injuries associated with the 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Eur J Gen Med. 2013;10(2):69-73.
- Toker A, Isitmangil T, Erdik O, Sancakli I, Sebit S. Analysis of chest injuries sustained during the 1999 Marmara earthquake. Surg Today. 2002;32(9):769-71.
- Gianesini S, Menegatti E, Bottini O, Chi YW. Review on disasters and lower limb venous disease. Ann Vasc Dis. 2021;14(4):315-22.
- Sato K, Sakamoto K, Hashimoto Y, Hanzawa K, Sueta D, Kojima S, et al; KEEP Project. Risk factors and prevalence of deep vein thrombosis after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Circ J. 2019;83(6):1342-8. Watanabe H, Kodama M, Tanabe N, Nakamura Y, Nagai T, Sato M, et al. Impact of earthquakes on risk for pulmonary embolism. Int J Cardiol. 2008;129(1):152-4.
- Sueta D, Akahoshi R, Okamura Y, Kojima S, Ikemoto T, Yamamoto E, et al. Venous thromboembolism due to oral contraceptive intake and spending nights in a vehicle -a case from the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Intern Med. 2017;56(4):409-12.
- Davidson JR, McFarlane AC. The extent and impact of mental health problems after disaster. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl 2):9-14.
- McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay P. Physical symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res. 1994;38(7):715-26.
- Watson JT, Gayer M, Connolly MA. Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):1-5.
- World Health Organization. Acute jaundice syndrome. Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report. 2006;23:8.
- World Health Organization. Epidemic-prone disease surveillance and response after the tsunami in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005;80(18):160-4.
- Gayer M, Watson J, Legros D. Pandemic influenza preparedness and mitigation in refugee and displaced populations. WHO guidelines for humanitarian agencies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
- Kun P, Wang Z, Chen X, Le H, Gong X, Zhang L, et al. Public health status and influence factors after 2008 Wenchuan earthquake among survivors in Sichuan province, China: cross-sectional trial. Public Health. 2010;124(10):573-80.
- Lienhardt C, Sillah J, Fielding K, Donkor S, Manneh K, Warndorff D, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection in children in contact with infectious tuberculosis cases in the Gambia, West Africa. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Pt 1):e608-14.
- Shears P. Epidemiology and infection in famine and disasters. Epidemiol Infect. 1991;107(2):241-51.
- Balbay O, Balbay EG, Arbak P, Annakkaya AN, Bilgin C. The effects of two sequential earthquakes on tuberculosis patients: an experience from Duzce earthquake. HealthMED. 2011;5(3):589-95.
- Miner MC, Burns-Grant G, DeGraw C, Wallace C, Pozsik C, Jereb J. Integrated preparedness for continuity of tuberculosis care after Hurricanes Gustav and Ike: Louisiana and Texas, 2008. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(4):518-9.
There are 41 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Sciences |
| Journal Section | Invited Review |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2023 |
| Submission Date | February 12, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 1 |
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