Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and reliability of the Tripod Index (TI) in defining hallux valgus (HV) deformity and accompanying deformities and evaluating the treatment outcome.
Material and Methods: Fifty and fifty two patients were included to the study who underwent Chevron (group 1) and proximal dome (group 2) osteotomy, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), Meary angle (MA), talar declination angle (TDA), calcaneal tilt angle (CIA), talar head opening (THU) and TI were measured. Then, the relationship between TI and other angular variables was evaluated.
Results: There was no significant difference between the mean age, body mass index (BMI), side and gender of the patients in both groups. The mean values of HVA and IMA differed between two groups both pre- and postoperatively. The preoperative TDA, THU and MA values were significantly higher in group 2. The preoperative mean CIA was significantly higher in group 1. The preoperative value of the TI was significantly higher in group 2. There was a significant decrease in all angular parameters in group 2 postoperatively. There was a significant decrease in mean HVA, IMA and TI postoperatively in group 1. There was strong correlation between TI and IMA, THU, CIA, TDA and MA, and moderate correlation with HVA in both groups.
Conclusion: TI can provide partial data on the transverse and sagittal plane deformity of the first metatarsal deformity in HV with a single radiograph. Additionally, it can be a guiding measurement in evaluating the need for calcaneal shift osteotomy in pes planovalgus deformities accompanying HV. However, it is insufficient to define complex HV deformity alone.
Keywords
References
- 1. Coughlin M, Saltzman C, Anderson R. Mann's surgery of the foot and ankle. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2014.
- 2. Coughlin MJ, Jones CP. Hallux valgus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007; 28(7): 759-77.
- 3. Hardy RH, Clapham JC. Observations on hallux valgus; based on a controlled series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951; 33-B(3): 376-91.
- 4. Kim Y, Kim JS, Young KW, Naraghi R, Cho HK, Lee SY. A new measure of tibial sesamoid position in hallux valgus in relation to the coronal rotation of the first metatarsal in CT scans. Foot Ankle Int. 2015; 36(8): 944-52.
- 5. Campbell B, Miller MC, Williams L, Conti SF. Pilot study of a 3-dimensional method for analysis of pronation of the first metatarsal of hallux valgus patients. Foot Ankle Int. 2018; 39(12): 1449-56.
- 6. Collan L, Kankare JA, Mattila K. The biomechanics of the first metatarsal bone in hallux valgus: a preliminary study utilizing a weight bearing extremity CT. Foot Ankle Surg. 2013; 19(3): 155-61.
- 7. Kimura T, Kubota M, Taguchi T, Suzuki N, Hattori A, Marumo K. Evaluation of first-ray mobility in patients with hallux valgus using weight-bearing CT and a 3-D analysis system: A comparison with normal feet. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017; 99(3): 247-55.
- 8. Perera AM, Mason L, Stephens MM. The pathogenesis of hallux valgus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011; 93(17): 1650-61.
- 9. Arunakul M, Amendola A, Gao Y, Goetz JE, Femino JE, Phisitkul P. Tripod index: a new radiographic parameter assessing foot alignment. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Oct; 34(10): 1411-20.
- 10. Arunakul M, Amendola A, Gao Y, Goetz JE, Femino JE, Phisitkul P. Tripod Index: diagnostic accuracy in symptomatic flatfoot and cavovarus foot: part 2. Iowa Orthop J. 2013; 33(1): 47-53.
- 11. Canale PB, Aronsson DD, Lamont RL, Manoli A 2nd. The Mitchell procedure for the treatment of adolescent hallux valgus. A longterm study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75(11): 1610-8.
- 12. Chell J, Dhar S. Pediatric hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014; 19(2): 235-43.
- 13. Coughlin MJ. Roger A. Mann Award. Juvenile hallux valgus: etiology and treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1995; 16(11): 682-97.
- 14. Ota T, Nagura T, Kokubo T, Kitashiro M, Ogihara N, Takeshima K, et al. Etiological factors in hallux valgus, a three-dimensional analysis of the first metatarsal. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017; 10(1): 43.
- 15. Watanabe K, Ikeda Y, Suzuki D, Teramoto A, Kobayashi T, Suzuki T, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of tarsal bone response to axial loading in patients with hallux valgus and normal feet. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2017; 42(1): 65-9.
- 16. Geng X, Wang C, Ma X, Wang X, Huang J, Zhang C, et al. Mobility of the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint in patients with and without hallux valgus: in vivo three-dimensional analysis using computerized tomography scan. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2015; 10: 140.
- 17. Glasoe WM, Nuckley DJ, Ludewig PM. Hallux valgus and the first metatarsal arch segment: a theoretical biomechanical perspective. Phys Ther. 2010; 90(1): 110-20.
- 18. Kim HW, Park KB, Kwak YH, Jin S, Park H. Radiographic assessment of foot alignment in juvenile hallux valgus and its relationship to flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2019; 40(9): 1079-86.
- 19. Avino A, Patel S, Hamilton GA, Ford LA. The effect of the Lapidus arthrodesis on the medial longitudinal arch: a radiographic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008; 47(6): 510-4.
- 20. Argerakis NG, Weil L Jr, Weil LS Sr, Anagnostopoulos D, Feuerstein CA, Klein EE, et al. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015; 8(2): 89-94.
- 21. Manoli A 2nd, Graham B. The subtle cavus foot, "the underpronator". Foot Ankle Int. 2005; 26(3): 256-63.
- 22. Inman VT. The Joints of Ankle. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1976.
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Tripod Index'in (TI) halluks valgus (HV) deformitesini tanımlamada ve tedavi sonucunu değerlendirmede etkinliğini ve güvenilirliğini araştırmayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma, sırasıyla Chevron (grup 1) ve proksimal kubbe (grup 2) osteotomisi yapılan 50 ve 52 hastayı içermektedir. Halluks valgus açısı (HVA), intermetatarsal açı (İMA), Meary açısı (MA), talar eğim açısı (TEA), kalkaneal eğim açısı (KEA), talar baş örtünme (TBÖ) ve TI değerleri ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası ölçüldü. TI ile diğer açısal değişkenler arasındaki ilişki değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Her iki gruptaki hastaların ortalama yaş, vücut kitle endeksi, taraf ve cinsiyet dağılımları arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Ortalama HVA ve İMA değerleri iki grup arasında ameliyat öncesi ve sonrası farklılık saptandı. TEA, TBÖ ve MA değerleri incelendiğinde grup 2'nin preoperatif ortalama değeri anlamlı olarak yüksekti. Preoperatif ortalama KEA grup 1'de anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti. Preoperatif ortalama TI değerleri grup 2'de anlamlı derecede yüksekti. Grup 2'de postoperatif tüm açısal parametrelerde anlamlı azalma oldu. Grup 1'de ortalama HVA, İMA ve TI'de postoperatif olarak anlamlı düşüş vardı. Her iki grupta da TI ile İMA, TBÖ, KEA, TEA ve MA arasında güçlü, HVA ile orta derecede korelasyon vardı.
Sonuç: TI, HV’de birinci metatarsın transvers ve sagital düzlem deformitesi hakkında tek bir radyografi ile kısmi veri sağlayabilir. Ayrıca, halluks valgusa eşlik eden pes planovalgus deformitelerinde kalkaneal kaydırma osteotomisi ihtiyacının değerlendirilmesinde yol gösterici bir ölçüm olabilir. Ancak kompleks HV deformitesini tek başına tanımlamakta yetersizdir.
Keywords
References
- 1. Coughlin M, Saltzman C, Anderson R. Mann's surgery of the foot and ankle. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2014.
- 2. Coughlin MJ, Jones CP. Hallux valgus: demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment. Foot Ankle Int. 2007; 28(7): 759-77.
- 3. Hardy RH, Clapham JC. Observations on hallux valgus; based on a controlled series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1951; 33-B(3): 376-91.
- 4. Kim Y, Kim JS, Young KW, Naraghi R, Cho HK, Lee SY. A new measure of tibial sesamoid position in hallux valgus in relation to the coronal rotation of the first metatarsal in CT scans. Foot Ankle Int. 2015; 36(8): 944-52.
- 5. Campbell B, Miller MC, Williams L, Conti SF. Pilot study of a 3-dimensional method for analysis of pronation of the first metatarsal of hallux valgus patients. Foot Ankle Int. 2018; 39(12): 1449-56.
- 6. Collan L, Kankare JA, Mattila K. The biomechanics of the first metatarsal bone in hallux valgus: a preliminary study utilizing a weight bearing extremity CT. Foot Ankle Surg. 2013; 19(3): 155-61.
- 7. Kimura T, Kubota M, Taguchi T, Suzuki N, Hattori A, Marumo K. Evaluation of first-ray mobility in patients with hallux valgus using weight-bearing CT and a 3-D analysis system: A comparison with normal feet. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017; 99(3): 247-55.
- 8. Perera AM, Mason L, Stephens MM. The pathogenesis of hallux valgus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011; 93(17): 1650-61.
- 9. Arunakul M, Amendola A, Gao Y, Goetz JE, Femino JE, Phisitkul P. Tripod index: a new radiographic parameter assessing foot alignment. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Oct; 34(10): 1411-20.
- 10. Arunakul M, Amendola A, Gao Y, Goetz JE, Femino JE, Phisitkul P. Tripod Index: diagnostic accuracy in symptomatic flatfoot and cavovarus foot: part 2. Iowa Orthop J. 2013; 33(1): 47-53.
- 11. Canale PB, Aronsson DD, Lamont RL, Manoli A 2nd. The Mitchell procedure for the treatment of adolescent hallux valgus. A longterm study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75(11): 1610-8.
- 12. Chell J, Dhar S. Pediatric hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Clin. 2014; 19(2): 235-43.
- 13. Coughlin MJ. Roger A. Mann Award. Juvenile hallux valgus: etiology and treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1995; 16(11): 682-97.
- 14. Ota T, Nagura T, Kokubo T, Kitashiro M, Ogihara N, Takeshima K, et al. Etiological factors in hallux valgus, a three-dimensional analysis of the first metatarsal. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017; 10(1): 43.
- 15. Watanabe K, Ikeda Y, Suzuki D, Teramoto A, Kobayashi T, Suzuki T, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of tarsal bone response to axial loading in patients with hallux valgus and normal feet. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2017; 42(1): 65-9.
- 16. Geng X, Wang C, Ma X, Wang X, Huang J, Zhang C, et al. Mobility of the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint in patients with and without hallux valgus: in vivo three-dimensional analysis using computerized tomography scan. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2015; 10: 140.
- 17. Glasoe WM, Nuckley DJ, Ludewig PM. Hallux valgus and the first metatarsal arch segment: a theoretical biomechanical perspective. Phys Ther. 2010; 90(1): 110-20.
- 18. Kim HW, Park KB, Kwak YH, Jin S, Park H. Radiographic assessment of foot alignment in juvenile hallux valgus and its relationship to flatfoot. Foot Ankle Int. 2019; 40(9): 1079-86.
- 19. Avino A, Patel S, Hamilton GA, Ford LA. The effect of the Lapidus arthrodesis on the medial longitudinal arch: a radiographic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008; 47(6): 510-4.
- 20. Argerakis NG, Weil L Jr, Weil LS Sr, Anagnostopoulos D, Feuerstein CA, Klein EE, et al. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment. Foot Ankle Spec. 2015; 8(2): 89-94.
- 21. Manoli A 2nd, Graham B. The subtle cavus foot, "the underpronator". Foot Ankle Int. 2005; 26(3): 256-63.
- 22. Inman VT. The Joints of Ankle. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1976.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 7, 2021 |
| Submission Date | December 16, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2 |
