An investigation of the prevalence of depression and related factors in pregnant women living in the province of Erzurum

Elif Okşan Çalıkoğlu; Banu Bedir; Ayşegül Aydın; Sinan Yılmaz

doi:10.18621/eurj.370640

Research Article

An investigation of the prevalence of depression and related factors in pregnant women living in the province of Erzurum

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 381 - 389, 04.10.2018

Elif Okşan Çalıkoğlu Banu Bedir Ayşegül Aydın Sinan Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.370640

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Objective: Pregnancy is a time of numerous biological and
psychosocial changes in women. The purpose of this study was to reveal the risk
of depression, an important psychological problem, in pregnant women, and its
association with sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods: This
descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed between March 1 and May 31,
2015, with pregnant women registered at family health centers in the central
districts of Aziziye, Palandöken and Yakutiye in the province of Erzurum. A
sociodemographic and obstetric data form and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
were used for analysis.

Results: Subjects’ mean age was
27.54 ± 6.2 years. Their mean BDI score was 16.09 ± 3.7. The mean BDI score of
pregnant women in the first trimester was 16.3 ± 3.7, the mean score of those
in the second trimester was 15.8 ± 4.2, and the mean score of those in the
third trimester was 16.1 ± 2.5. There was a significant difference between
trimesters in terms of risk of depression (p
= 0.006). Significant associations were determined between the risk of
depression and education level, number of pregnancies, and number of living
children (p ˂ 0.05). The logistic
regression analysis results show that a pregnant woman’s level of education,
length of marriage, number of pregnancies and previous mental state are
significant in terms of antenatal depression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: There was a significant
risk of depression according to the BDI in women in the first and third
trimesters, and this was associated with several sociodemographic variables.
This reveals the need for pregnant women to also be evaluated using a holistic
approach involving mental state as well as sociodemographic and obstetric
characteristics when undergoing medical evaluation.

Keywords

Depression, pregnancy, Beck Depression Inventory

References

[1] Stewart DE, Gagnon A, Saucier J, Wahoush O, Dougherty G. Postpartum depression symptoms in newcomers. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53:121-4.
[2] Cebeci SA, Aydemir Ç, Göka E. [The prevalance of depressive symptom levels in puerperal period: relationship with obstetric risk factors, anxiety levels and social support]. Kriz Dergisi. 2002;10:11-8. [Article in Turkish]
[3] Bunevicius R, Kusminskas L, Bunevicius A, Nadisauskiene RJ, Jureniene K, Pop VJ. Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:599-605.
[4] Pearlstein T. Depression during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:754-64.
[5] Muzik M, Marcus SM, Heringhausen JE, Flynn H. When depression complicates childbearing: guidelines for screening and treatment during antenatal and postpartum obstetric care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009;36:771-88.
[6] Leung BMY, Kaplan BJ. Perinatal depression: prevalence, risks, and the nutrition link -- a review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1566-75.
[7] Szegda K, Markenson G, Bertone-Johnson ER, Chasan-Taber L. Depression during pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:960-7.
[8] Orta OR, Gelaye B, Bain PA, Williams MA. The association between maternal cortisol and depression during pregnancy, a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018;21:43-53.
[9] Bödecs T, Horváth B, Kovács L, Diffellné Németh M, Sándor J. [Prevalence of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy on a population based Hungarian sample]. Orv Hetil 2009;150:1888-93. [Article in Hungarian]
[10] Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive symptoms among pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings. J Women's Health (Larchmt) 2003;12:373-80.
[11] Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, Mattila H, Ylikorkala O. Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:487-90.
[12] Karaçam Z, Ançel G. Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in pregnancy: a study in a Turkish population. Midwifery 2009;25:344-56.
[13] Eskici L, Demir Akca AS, Atasoy N, Arikan İ, Harma M. [The effects of depression and anxiety disorders in pregnant women on obstetric outcomes and newborn]. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2012;6(1):10-6. [Article inTurkish]
[14] Sevindik F. Elazığ İlinde Gebelikte Depresyon Prevalansı ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Elazığ: Fırat Üniversitesi; 2005.
[15] Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arc Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.
[16] Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1989;7:3-13. [Article in Turkish]
[17] Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 'Dünya Nüfus Günü' 2017. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24639.
[18] Yılmaz Doğru H, Özsoy AZ, Gözdemir E, Gülücü S, Demirtürk F. [Evaluation of depression and anxiety in first trimester]. Med Med J 2015;30:153-8. [Article in Turkish]
[19] Yanıkkerem E, Altan E, Demirtosun P. [Depression of the pregnants who live in the Manisa 1 no village clinic. Kadın Doğum Dergisi 2004;2:301-6. [Article in Turkish]
[20] Erbil N, Oruç H, Karabulut A. [Determination of depression and affecting factors in pregnancy. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet 2009;19:67-74. [Article in Turkish]
[21] Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Prevalence rates and psychosocial characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and postpartum in Maltese women. J Affect Disord 2004;82:297-301.
[22] Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:25-32.
[23] Verbeek T, Arjadi R, Vendrik JJ, Burger H, Berger MY. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in Central America: a cross-sectional study among pregnant women in the developing country Nicaragua. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:292.
[24] Ocaktan ME, Çalışkan D, Öncü B, Özdemir O, Köse K. Antepartum and postpartum depression in a primary health care center area Birsağlık ocağı bölgesinde doğum öncesi ve doğum sonrası depresyonun değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2006;59:151-7.
[25] Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, “Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2016 2017. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24573.
[26] Vırıt O, Akbaş E, Savaş HA, Sertbaş G, Kandemir H. [Association between the level of depression and anxiety with social support in pregnancy]. Arch Neuropsychiatry 2008;45:9-13. [Article in Turkish]
[27] Akkaş Yılmaz E, Gülümser Ç. The risk factors, consequences, treatment, and importance of gestational depression. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2015;12:102-13.
[28] de Jesus Silva MM, Peres Rocha Carvalho Leite E, Alves Nogueira D, Clapis MJ. Depression in pregnancy. Prevalence and associated factors. Invest Educ Enferm 2016;34:342-50.
[29] Smedberg J, Lupattelli A, Mårdby A, Øverland S, Nordeng H. The relationship between maternal depression and smoking cessation during pregnancy -- a cross-sectional study of pregnant women from 15 European countries. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18:73-84.
[30] Castro e Couto T, Cardoso MN, Brancaglion MY, Faria GC, Garcia FD, Nicolato R, et al. Antenatal depression: prevalence and risk factor patterns across the gestational period. J Affect Disord 2016;192:70-5.
[31] TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, “Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2016,” 2017. Available from: http://www.metaveri.saglik.gov.tr/book/SIY_2016_Haber_Bulteni.pdf.
[32] Sağlık Bakanlığı 'Doğum Öncesi Bakım Yönetim Rehberi'. Ankara 2014.
[33] Akbaş E, Vırıt O, Savaş AH, Sertbaş G. [Association between sociodemographic variables with the levels of depression and anxiety in pregnancy]. Arc Neuropsychiatry. 2008;45:85-91. [Article in Turkish]
[34] Kartal B, Karataş N, Başer M. The Effect of Education Given to the Primiparous Pregnant Women on Postpartum Depression. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet 2016;26:197-204.
[35] Ajinkya S, Jadhav PR, Srivastava NN. Depression during pregnancy: Prevalence and obstetric risk factors among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai. Ind Psychiatry J 2013;22:37-40.

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 381 - 389, 04.10.2018

Elif Okşan Çalıkoğlu Banu Bedir Ayşegül Aydın Sinan Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.370640

Cited By: 6

Abstract

References

[1] Stewart DE, Gagnon A, Saucier J, Wahoush O, Dougherty G. Postpartum depression symptoms in newcomers. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53:121-4.
[2] Cebeci SA, Aydemir Ç, Göka E. [The prevalance of depressive symptom levels in puerperal period: relationship with obstetric risk factors, anxiety levels and social support]. Kriz Dergisi. 2002;10:11-8. [Article in Turkish]
[3] Bunevicius R, Kusminskas L, Bunevicius A, Nadisauskiene RJ, Jureniene K, Pop VJ. Psychosocial risk factors for depression during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:599-605.
[4] Pearlstein T. Depression during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015;29:754-64.
[5] Muzik M, Marcus SM, Heringhausen JE, Flynn H. When depression complicates childbearing: guidelines for screening and treatment during antenatal and postpartum obstetric care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009;36:771-88.
[6] Leung BMY, Kaplan BJ. Perinatal depression: prevalence, risks, and the nutrition link -- a review of the literature. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1566-75.
[7] Szegda K, Markenson G, Bertone-Johnson ER, Chasan-Taber L. Depression during pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes? A critical review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:960-7.
[8] Orta OR, Gelaye B, Bain PA, Williams MA. The association between maternal cortisol and depression during pregnancy, a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health 2018;21:43-53.
[9] Bödecs T, Horváth B, Kovács L, Diffellné Németh M, Sándor J. [Prevalence of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy on a population based Hungarian sample]. Orv Hetil 2009;150:1888-93. [Article in Hungarian]
[10] Marcus SM, Flynn HA, Blow FC, Barry KL. Depressive symptoms among pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings. J Women's Health (Larchmt) 2003;12:373-80.
[11] Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, Mattila H, Ylikorkala O. Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:487-90.
[12] Karaçam Z, Ançel G. Depression, anxiety and influencing factors in pregnancy: a study in a Turkish population. Midwifery 2009;25:344-56.
[13] Eskici L, Demir Akca AS, Atasoy N, Arikan İ, Harma M. [The effects of depression and anxiety disorders in pregnant women on obstetric outcomes and newborn]. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2012;6(1):10-6. [Article inTurkish]
[14] Sevindik F. Elazığ İlinde Gebelikte Depresyon Prevalansı ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Elazığ: Fırat Üniversitesi; 2005.
[15] Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arc Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.
[16] Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği. Psikoloji Dergisi 1989;7:3-13. [Article in Turkish]
[17] Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 'Dünya Nüfus Günü' 2017. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24639.
[18] Yılmaz Doğru H, Özsoy AZ, Gözdemir E, Gülücü S, Demirtürk F. [Evaluation of depression and anxiety in first trimester]. Med Med J 2015;30:153-8. [Article in Turkish]
[19] Yanıkkerem E, Altan E, Demirtosun P. [Depression of the pregnants who live in the Manisa 1 no village clinic. Kadın Doğum Dergisi 2004;2:301-6. [Article in Turkish]
[20] Erbil N, Oruç H, Karabulut A. [Determination of depression and affecting factors in pregnancy. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet 2009;19:67-74. [Article in Turkish]
[21] Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Prevalence rates and psychosocial characteristics associated with depression in pregnancy and postpartum in Maltese women. J Affect Disord 2004;82:297-301.
[22] Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:25-32.
[23] Verbeek T, Arjadi R, Vendrik JJ, Burger H, Berger MY. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in Central America: a cross-sectional study among pregnant women in the developing country Nicaragua. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:292.
[24] Ocaktan ME, Çalışkan D, Öncü B, Özdemir O, Köse K. Antepartum and postpartum depression in a primary health care center area Birsağlık ocağı bölgesinde doğum öncesi ve doğum sonrası depresyonun değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 2006;59:151-7.
[25] Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, “Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2016 2017. Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24573.
[26] Vırıt O, Akbaş E, Savaş HA, Sertbaş G, Kandemir H. [Association between the level of depression and anxiety with social support in pregnancy]. Arch Neuropsychiatry 2008;45:9-13. [Article in Turkish]
[27] Akkaş Yılmaz E, Gülümser Ç. The risk factors, consequences, treatment, and importance of gestational depression. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2015;12:102-13.
[28] de Jesus Silva MM, Peres Rocha Carvalho Leite E, Alves Nogueira D, Clapis MJ. Depression in pregnancy. Prevalence and associated factors. Invest Educ Enferm 2016;34:342-50.
[29] Smedberg J, Lupattelli A, Mårdby A, Øverland S, Nordeng H. The relationship between maternal depression and smoking cessation during pregnancy -- a cross-sectional study of pregnant women from 15 European countries. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18:73-84.
[30] Castro e Couto T, Cardoso MN, Brancaglion MY, Faria GC, Garcia FD, Nicolato R, et al. Antenatal depression: prevalence and risk factor patterns across the gestational period. J Affect Disord 2016;192:70-5.
[31] TC Sağlık Bakanlığı, “Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2016,” 2017. Available from: http://www.metaveri.saglik.gov.tr/book/SIY_2016_Haber_Bulteni.pdf.
[32] Sağlık Bakanlığı 'Doğum Öncesi Bakım Yönetim Rehberi'. Ankara 2014.
[33] Akbaş E, Vırıt O, Savaş AH, Sertbaş G. [Association between sociodemographic variables with the levels of depression and anxiety in pregnancy]. Arc Neuropsychiatry. 2008;45:85-91. [Article in Turkish]
[34] Kartal B, Karataş N, Başer M. The Effect of Education Given to the Primiparous Pregnant Women on Postpartum Depression. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obstet 2016;26:197-204.
[35] Ajinkya S, Jadhav PR, Srivastava NN. Depression during pregnancy: Prevalence and obstetric risk factors among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in Navi Mumbai. Ind Psychiatry J 2013;22:37-40.

There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Original Articles
Authors	Elif Okşan Çalıkoğlu 0000-0001-8959-5001 Banu Bedir 0000-0001-8342-5351 Ayşegül Aydın This is me 0000-0003-0996-6226 Sinan Yılmaz This is me 0000-0001-7784-3274
Publication Date	October 4, 2018
Submission Date	December 25, 2017
Acceptance Date	January 19, 2018
Published in Issue	Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA	Çalıkoğlu EO, Bedir B, Aydın A, Yılmaz S. An investigation of the prevalence of depression and related factors in pregnant women living in the province of Erzurum. Eur Res J. October 2018;4(4):381-389. doi:10.18621/eurj.370640