Research Article
Cytokine Response to Acute Endurance Exercise: Regular Treadmill Versus Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill
Abstract
Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate the cytokine response to acute endurance exercise performed in the LBPPT and to compare it with the regular treadmill.
METHODS: Eleven healthy physically active men aged between 18-22 years participated in the study. All subjects performed 45 minutes of running exercise at 70% VO2max on the regular treadmill and LBPPT in random order, one week apart. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, 30 min post-exercise, and 2 h post-exercise to analyze serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels.
RESULTS: On the regular treadmill, hs-CRP levels were higher immediately, 30 min, and 2 h post-exercise than pre-exercise. In addition, it was lower 2 h post-exercise compared with immediately, and 30 min post-exercise. No significant differences in LBPPT for hs-CRP were observed for any time point. hs-CRP concentration immediately and 30 min post-exercise was lower in the LBPPT than in the regular treadmill. TNF-α and IL-8 levels were unchanged in response to exercise performed neither on the regular treadmill nor on the LBPPT.
CONCLUSIONS: Acute endurance exercise may not be sufficient to induce a significant systemic inflammatory response in physically active men.
Keywords
cytokine response acute endurance exercise inflammation lower body positive pressure treadmill
Ethical Statement
The study was confirmed by the local Ethical Committee (approval No. 2018/452).
References
- Cannon JG. Inflammatory cytokines in nonpathological states. News Physiol Sci 2000;15:298-303. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, et al. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:109-14. Nieman DC, Konrad M, Henson DA, Kennerly K, Shanely RA, Wallner-Liebmann SJ. Variance in the acute inflammatory response to prolonged cycling is linked to exercise intensity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 201232:12-7. Rämson R, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T, Mäestu J. The influence of increased training volume on cytokines and ghrelin concentration in college level male rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104:839-46. Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:785-93.
- Jürimäe J, Tillmann V, Purge P, Jürimäe T. Body composition, maximal aerobic performance and inflammatory biomarkers in endurance-trained athletes. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017;37:288-92.
- De Heer HD, Kline JR, Charley B. Anti-Gravity treadmill training for prevention and rehabilitation of running injuries. In: Harrast MA (editor). Clinical Care of the Runner. Elsevier, 2020:113-30.
- Cutuk A, Groppo ER, Quigley EJ, White KW, Pedowitz RA, Hargens AR. Ambulation in simulated fractional gravity using lower body positive pressure: cardiovascular safety and gait analyses. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:771-7.
- Raffalt PC, Hovgaard-Hansen L, Jensen BR. Running on a lower-body positive pressure treadmill: VO2max, respiratory response, and vertical ground reaction force. Res Q Exerc Sport 2013;84:213-22.
- Patil S, Steklov N, Bugbee WD, Goldberg T, Colwell CW Jr, D'Lima DD. Anti-gravity treadmills are effective in reducing knee forces. J Orthop Res 2013;31:672-9.
- Farina KA, Wright AA, Ford KR, Wirfel LA, Smoliga JM. Physiological and biomechanical responses to running on lower body positive pressure treadmills in healthy populations. Sports Med 2017;47:261-75.
- Barnes KR, Janecke JN. Physiological and biomechanical responses of highly trained distance runners to lower-body positive pressure treadmill running. Sports Med Open 2017;3:41.
- Gojanovic B, Cutti P, Shultz R, Matheson GO. Maximal physiological parameters during partial body-weight support treadmill testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:1935-41.
- West AD, Cooke MB, LaBounty PM, Byars AG, Greenwood M. Effects of G-trainer, cycle ergometry, and stretching on physiological and psychological recovery from endurance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28:3453-61.
- Cooke MB, Nix CM, Greenwood LD, Greenwood MC. No differences between Alter G-trainer and active and passive recovery strategies on isokinetic strength, systemic oxidative stress and perceived muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 2018;32:736-47.
- Léger LA, Lambert J. A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982;49:1-12.
- Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci 1988;6:93-101.
- Larsen GE, George JD, Alexander JL, Fellingham GW, Aldana SG, Parcell AC. Prediction of maximum oxygen consumption from walking, jogging, or running. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73:66-72.
- Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson P (Editors). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 9th ed.; Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014; p. 169-73.
- Görgens SW, Eckardt K, Jensen J, Drevon CA, Eckel J. Exercise and regulation of adipokine and myokine production. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015;135:313-36.
- Rhea MR. Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18:918-20.
- Weight LM, Alexander D, Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: Analogous to the acute-phase response? Clin Sci (Lond) 1991;81:677-83.
- Fallon KE. The acute phase response and exercise: the ultramarathon as prototype exercise. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11:38-43.
- Jürgenson J, Serg M, Kampus P, Kals J, Zagura M, Zilmer K, et al. Effect of half-marathon running on arterial stiffness and blood biomarkers in high-level and recreational male athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2021,548-56.
- Taylor C, Rogers G, Goodman C, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH, Bezwoda WR, et al. Hematologic, iron-related, and acute-phase protein responses to sustained strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol 1987;62:464-9.
- Markovitch D, Tyrrell RM, Thompson D. Acute moderate-intensity exercise in middle-aged men has neither an anti- nor proinflammatory effect. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:260-5.
- Shojaei EA, Jafari A, Farajov A. Effect of acute moderate aerobic cycling on systemic inflammatory responses in young untrained men. Sci Sports 2011;26:298-302.
- Jatene P, Dos Santos GS, Portella DL. C-Reactive protein serum levels as an internal load indicator of sprints in competitive football matches. Int J Sports Med 2019;40:762-7.
- Chen J, Huang L, Song M, Yu S, Gao P, Jing J. C-reactive protein upregulates receptor for advanced glycation end products expression and alters antioxidant defenses in rat endothelial progenitor cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;53:359-67.
- Zhou Y, Han W, Gong D, Man C, Fan Y. Hs-CRP in stroke: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2016;453:21-7.
- Lee SJ, Kim J. Inflammation and insufficient or disordered sleep. Korean J Clin Lab Sci 2015;47:97–104.
- Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Steinhafel N, Vina J. Acute exercise activates nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2004;18:1499-506.
- Giovanelli N, Lazzer S, Cauci S. Muscle damage and inflammatory status biomarkers after a 3-stage trail running race. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020;60:1486-92.
- Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. J Sport Health Sci 2019;8:201-17.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run. J Appl Physiol 2003;94:1917-25.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Dumke CL, Utter AC, et al. Muscle cytokine mRNA changes after 2.5 h of cycling: influence of carbohydrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1283-90.
- Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Liu Q, Kurakake S, Okamura N, et al. Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:348-55.
- Santos VC, Sierra AP, Oliveira R, Caçula KG, Momesso CM, Sato FT, et al. Marathon race affects neutrophil surface molecules: Role of inflammatory mediators. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0166687.
- Gökbel H, Okudan N, Gül I, Belviranli M, Gergerlioğlu HS, Başaral MK. Effects of repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in sedentary men. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26:1675-9.
Akut Dayanıklılık Egzersizine Sitokin Yanıtı: Normal Koşu Bandına Karşı Alt Vücut Pozitif Basınçlı Koşu Bandı
Abstract
Background/Aims: This study aimed to investigate the cytokine response to acute endurance exercise performed in the LBPPT and to compare it with the regular treadmill.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven healthy physically active men aged between 18-22 years participated in the study. All subjects performed 45 minutes of running exercise at 70% VO2max on the regular treadmill and LBPPT in random order, one week apart. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, 30 min post-exercise, and 2 h post-exercise to analyze serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels.
RESULTS: On the regular treadmill, hs-CRP levels were higher immediately, 30 min, and 2 h post-exercise than pre-exercise. In addition, it was lower 2 h post-exercise compared with immediately, and 30 min post-exercise. No significant differences in LBPPT for hs-CRP were observed for any time point. hs-CRP concentration immediately and 30 min post-exercise was lower in the LBPPT than in the regular treadmill. TNF-α and IL-8 levels were unchanged in response to exercise performed neither on the regular treadmill nor on the LBPPT.
CONCLUSION: Acute endurance exercise may not be sufficient to induce a significant systemic inflammatory response in physically active men.
References
- Cannon JG. Inflammatory cytokines in nonpathological states. News Physiol Sci 2000;15:298-303. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, et al. Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:109-14. Nieman DC, Konrad M, Henson DA, Kennerly K, Shanely RA, Wallner-Liebmann SJ. Variance in the acute inflammatory response to prolonged cycling is linked to exercise intensity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 201232:12-7. Rämson R, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T, Mäestu J. The influence of increased training volume on cytokines and ghrelin concentration in college level male rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008;104:839-46. Beavers KM, Brinkley TE, Nicklas BJ. Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation. Clin Chim Acta 2010;411:785-93.
- Jürimäe J, Tillmann V, Purge P, Jürimäe T. Body composition, maximal aerobic performance and inflammatory biomarkers in endurance-trained athletes. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017;37:288-92.
- De Heer HD, Kline JR, Charley B. Anti-Gravity treadmill training for prevention and rehabilitation of running injuries. In: Harrast MA (editor). Clinical Care of the Runner. Elsevier, 2020:113-30.
- Cutuk A, Groppo ER, Quigley EJ, White KW, Pedowitz RA, Hargens AR. Ambulation in simulated fractional gravity using lower body positive pressure: cardiovascular safety and gait analyses. J Appl Physiol 2006;101:771-7.
- Raffalt PC, Hovgaard-Hansen L, Jensen BR. Running on a lower-body positive pressure treadmill: VO2max, respiratory response, and vertical ground reaction force. Res Q Exerc Sport 2013;84:213-22.
- Patil S, Steklov N, Bugbee WD, Goldberg T, Colwell CW Jr, D'Lima DD. Anti-gravity treadmills are effective in reducing knee forces. J Orthop Res 2013;31:672-9.
- Farina KA, Wright AA, Ford KR, Wirfel LA, Smoliga JM. Physiological and biomechanical responses to running on lower body positive pressure treadmills in healthy populations. Sports Med 2017;47:261-75.
- Barnes KR, Janecke JN. Physiological and biomechanical responses of highly trained distance runners to lower-body positive pressure treadmill running. Sports Med Open 2017;3:41.
- Gojanovic B, Cutti P, Shultz R, Matheson GO. Maximal physiological parameters during partial body-weight support treadmill testing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44:1935-41.
- West AD, Cooke MB, LaBounty PM, Byars AG, Greenwood M. Effects of G-trainer, cycle ergometry, and stretching on physiological and psychological recovery from endurance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28:3453-61.
- Cooke MB, Nix CM, Greenwood LD, Greenwood MC. No differences between Alter G-trainer and active and passive recovery strategies on isokinetic strength, systemic oxidative stress and perceived muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res 2018;32:736-47.
- Léger LA, Lambert J. A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2 max. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1982;49:1-12.
- Léger LA, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert J. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci 1988;6:93-101.
- Larsen GE, George JD, Alexander JL, Fellingham GW, Aldana SG, Parcell AC. Prediction of maximum oxygen consumption from walking, jogging, or running. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73:66-72.
- Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson P (Editors). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 9th ed.; Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014; p. 169-73.
- Görgens SW, Eckardt K, Jensen J, Drevon CA, Eckel J. Exercise and regulation of adipokine and myokine production. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015;135:313-36.
- Rhea MR. Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18:918-20.
- Weight LM, Alexander D, Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: Analogous to the acute-phase response? Clin Sci (Lond) 1991;81:677-83.
- Fallon KE. The acute phase response and exercise: the ultramarathon as prototype exercise. Clin J Sport Med 2001;11:38-43.
- Jürgenson J, Serg M, Kampus P, Kals J, Zagura M, Zilmer K, et al. Effect of half-marathon running on arterial stiffness and blood biomarkers in high-level and recreational male athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2021,548-56.
- Taylor C, Rogers G, Goodman C, Baynes RD, Bothwell TH, Bezwoda WR, et al. Hematologic, iron-related, and acute-phase protein responses to sustained strenuous exercise. J Appl Physiol 1987;62:464-9.
- Markovitch D, Tyrrell RM, Thompson D. Acute moderate-intensity exercise in middle-aged men has neither an anti- nor proinflammatory effect. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:260-5.
- Shojaei EA, Jafari A, Farajov A. Effect of acute moderate aerobic cycling on systemic inflammatory responses in young untrained men. Sci Sports 2011;26:298-302.
- Jatene P, Dos Santos GS, Portella DL. C-Reactive protein serum levels as an internal load indicator of sprints in competitive football matches. Int J Sports Med 2019;40:762-7.
- Chen J, Huang L, Song M, Yu S, Gao P, Jing J. C-reactive protein upregulates receptor for advanced glycation end products expression and alters antioxidant defenses in rat endothelial progenitor cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009;53:359-67.
- Zhou Y, Han W, Gong D, Man C, Fan Y. Hs-CRP in stroke: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2016;453:21-7.
- Lee SJ, Kim J. Inflammation and insufficient or disordered sleep. Korean J Clin Lab Sci 2015;47:97–104.
- Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Steinhafel N, Vina J. Acute exercise activates nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2004;18:1499-506.
- Giovanelli N, Lazzer S, Cauci S. Muscle damage and inflammatory status biomarkers after a 3-stage trail running race. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020;60:1486-92.
- Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. J Sport Health Sci 2019;8:201-17.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Walberg-Rankin J, Shute M, Dumke CL, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion influences skeletal muscle cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels after a 3-h run. J Appl Physiol 2003;94:1917-25.
- Nieman DC, Davis JM, Henson DA, Gross SJ, Dumke CL, Utter AC, et al. Muscle cytokine mRNA changes after 2.5 h of cycling: influence of carbohydrate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005;37:1283-90.
- Suzuki K, Nakaji S, Yamada M, Liu Q, Kurakake S, Okamura N, et al. Impact of a competitive marathon race on systemic cytokine and neutrophil responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:348-55.
- Santos VC, Sierra AP, Oliveira R, Caçula KG, Momesso CM, Sato FT, et al. Marathon race affects neutrophil surface molecules: Role of inflammatory mediators. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0166687.
- Gökbel H, Okudan N, Gül I, Belviranli M, Gergerlioğlu HS, Başaral MK. Effects of repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise on plasma adiponectin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in sedentary men. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26:1675-9.
There are 35 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Medicine |
| Journal Section | Original Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | February 26, 2024 |
| Publication Date | February 29, 2024 |
| Submission Date | September 20, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 34 Issue: 1 |
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