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The effect of negative effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on salivary glands

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 45 - 54, 14.08.2018

Abstract

Background: In this study, using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, we aimed to investigate whether Low-Frequency EMA has any harmful effects on salivary glands and whether Melatonin (MLT) and Ganoderma lucidum (GL) have protective effects against these harmful effects

Material and methods: A total of 56 Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into 7 equal groups and exposed to the EMA produced from high voltage 8 hours of each day. EMA + MLT (10 mg / kg / day) for groups 3 and 6, just EMA for groups 1 and 4, EMA + GL (20 mg / kg / day) for groups 2 and 5 were used. Group 7 was determined as a control group. Rats were administered GL via oral gavage and MLT via the intraperitoneal route. Half of the groups were sacrificed on day 26 and the rest of the groups were sacrificed on day 52. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of the obtained specimens were performed.

Results: As a result of the histopathological analysis, some parameters such asintra and interlobular duct degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration and blood vessel dilatation and haemorrhage were found statistically significant difference in the groups treated with EMA, (EMA+MLT) and (EMA + GL) compared to the control group on the 26th and 52nd at day (p<0.05). In immunohistochemical analyses, the positive expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and E-cadherin adhesion receptor (E-cadherin) was observed in all groups except for control group.

Conclusion: Exposure to EMA caused histopathological changes in the salivary glands of the rats. The use of MLT and GL in treatment may be protective against these harmful effects.

References

  • 1. LI, Kangchu, et al. Effects of electromagnetic pulse on serum element levels in rat. Biological trace element research, 2014; 158(1): 81-86.2. Sullivan K, Balin AK, Allen RG. Effects of static magnetic fields on the growth of various types of human cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(2):140–147.3.Oksay T, Naziroglu M, Dogan S, et al. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia. 2014;46(1):65–72.4.Frahm, J., Lantow, M., Lupke, M., Weiss, D.G., Simkó, M. (2006) Alteration in cellular functions in Mouse macrophages after exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 99 (1):168 – 177.5.Roda-Murillo, O., Roda-Moreno, JA., Morente-Chiquero, MT., (2005) Effects of Low-frequency Magnetic Fields on Different Parameters of Embryo of Gallus Domesticus, Electromagn Biol Med, 24(1): 55-62.6. Ivancsits, S., Diem, E., Pilger, A., Rudiger, H.W., Jahn, O. (2002) Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts, Mutat Res, 519 (1-2): 1 – 13.7. Lai, H., Singh, NP., (1997) Acute Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Increases DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18:156-165.8. Harada, S., Yamada, S., Kuramata, O., Gunji,. Y., Kawasaki, M., Miyakawa, T., Yonekura, H., Sakurai, S., Bessho, K., Hosono, R., Yamamoto, H. (2001) Effects of high ELF magnetic fields on enzyme-catalyzed DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro and on a cell-free DNA mismatch repair, Bioelectromagnetics, 22 (4), 260– 266.9. Luceri, C., De Filippo, C., Giovannelli, L., Blangiardo, M., Cavalieri, D., Aglietti, F., Pampaloni, M., Andreuccetti, D., Pieri, L., Bambi, F., Biggeri, A., Dolara, P. (2005) Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields do not affect DNA damage and gene expression profiles of yeast and human lymphocytes, Radiat Res, 164 (3): 277 – 285.10. Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, et al. Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SV neo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 2010;683(1-2):35–42.11. Tranfo G, Pigini D, Brugaletta V, et al. Measures of melatonin and cortisol variations in volunteers exposed to GSM cellular phones in a double blind experiment. Webmedcentral Environ Med. 2010;1(9):1–25.12. Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz-Lautsevich N, Ostrom RS, Slominski A. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;351:152–166.13. Reiter R, Rosales-Corral S, Liu X, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan D. Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. J Periodontal Res. 2015;50(1):9–17.14. Galano, A., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2011). Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. Journal of pineal research, 51(1), 1-16.15. Karasek, M., Woldanska-Okonska, M., Czernicki, J., Zylinska, K., Swietoslawski, J. (1998) Chronic exposure to 2,9 mT, 40Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans, Journal of Pineal Research, 25(4):240-244.16. Mau JL, Lin HC, Chen CC: Non-volatile components of several medicinal mushrooms. Food Research International. 2001, 34(6):521-526. 17. Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L: Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 2007, 13:265-301.18. Zhou XW, Lin J, Yin YZ, Zhao JY, Sun XF, Tang KX: Ganodermataceae: Natural products and their related pharmacological functions. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2007, 35(4):559-574.19. Suarez-Arroyo, I. J., Rosario-Acevedo, R., Aguilar-Perez, A., Clemente, P. L., Cubano, L. A., Serrano, J., ... & Martínez-Montemayor, M. M. (2013). Anti-tumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) in inflammatory breast cancer in in vivo and in vitro models. PloS one, 8(2), e57431.20. Paterson RR. Ganoderma A Therapeutic Fungal Biofactory. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(18):1985–2001.21. Humphrey S.P., Williamson R.T., A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function, J. Prosthet. Dent., 85, 162-169, 2001.22. Diaz-Arnold AM., Marek CA., The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review, J. Prosthet. Dent., 88, 337-343, 2002.23. Streckfus CF, Bigler LR, Saliva as a diagnostic fluid, Oral Dis., 8, 69-76, 2002.24. Kinney, J. S., Morelli, T., Oh, M., Braun, T. M., Ramseier, C. A., Sugai, J. V., & Giannobile, W. V. (2014). Crevicular fluid biomarkers and periodontal disease progression. Journal of clinical periodontology, 41(2), 113-120.25. Ramseİer, CA., et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology, 2009, 80.3: 436-446.26. Ciftçi ZZ, Kırzıoğlu Z, Nazıroğlu M, et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2015;163(1–2):193–201.27. Dasdag S, Yavuz I, Bakkal M, et al. Effect of long term 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on enamel microhardness of rat’s teeth. Oral Health Dent Manage. 2014;13 (3):749–752.28. Doğan, M. S., Yavaş, M. C., Günay, A., Yavuz, İ., Deveci, E., Akkuş, Z., ... & Akdag, M. Z. The protective effect of melatonin and Ganoderma lucidum against the negative effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields on pulp structure in rat teeth. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 2017; 31(5): 979-988.29.Koyu A, Gökalp O, Özgüner F, Cesur G, Mollaoğlu H, Özer MK, et al. Subkronik 1800 MHz elektromanyetik alan uygulamasının TSH, T3, T4, kortizol ve testosteron hormon düzeylerine etkileri. Genel Tıp Derg 2005;15:101-5.30. Dinçer S, Kanan B, Ömeroğlu S, Gönül B. Düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik alana maruz kalan farelerde doku lipid peroksidasyonu, askorbik asit ve glutatyon düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Türkiye Tıp Dergisi 1998;5:173-6.31.Tolga, A. T. A. Y., Aslan, A., Heybeli, N., Aydoğan, N. H., Baydar, M. L., Ermol, C., & Yildiz, M. (2009). Effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phones on bone tissue. Balkan Medical Journal, 2009(4).32. Okudan N, Çiçekçibaşı AE, Büyükmumcu M, Çelik İ, Gökbel H, Salbacak A, et al. Çok düşük (50 Hz) frekanslı manyetik alanın farelerin serum kortizol ve testosteron düzeyleri ile testis histolojisi üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Tıp Derg 2006;22:1-7.33. Feychting, M. (2005) Health effects of static magnetic fields-a review of the epidemiological evidence, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 87, 241-246.34. Schreier, N., Huss, A., Röösli, M., (2006) The prevalence of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic field exposure: a cross-sectional representative survey in Switzerland, Soz Praventiv Med, 51: 202-209.35. Blaasaas, K.G., Tynes, T., Lie, R.T. (2004) Risk of selected birth defects by maternal residence close to power lines during pregnancy, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(2):174-176.36. European Commission. Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMA). Luxembourg: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks, 2015.37. Siqueira, E. C., Souza, F. T. A., Ferreira, E., Souza, R. P., Macedo, S. C., Friedman, E., ... & Gomez, R. S. (2016). Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 45(9), 682-686.38. Ijiri K, Matsunaga S, Fukuyama K, Maeda S, Sakou T, Kitano M, et al. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic field on bone ingrowth into a porous coated implant. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2853-6.39. Matsumoto H, Ochi M, Abiko Y, Hirose Y, Kaku T, Sakaguchi K. Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote bone formation around dental implants inserted into the femur of rabbits. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:354-60.40. Steffensen B., Caffesse R.G., Hanks C.T., Avery J.K., Wright N. (1988) J. Periodontol., 59, 46-52.41. Kaya S, Celik MS, Akdag MZ, et al. The Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field and Mangan to the oral tissues. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2008;22(3):869–873.42. O and Aframian DJ. 2010. The influence of handheld mobile phones on human parotid gland secretion. Oral Dis., 16:146-150.43. Hamzany, Y., Feinmesser, R., Shpitzer, T., et al. (2013). Is human saliva an indicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phones? Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18:622–627.44. Khalil, A. M., Abu Khadra, K. M., Aljaberi, A. M., et al. (2013). Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users. Electromagn. Biol. Med. Early Online: 1–6. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.783855.45. Borges, Jr. I., Moreira, E. A., Filho, D. W., et al. (2007). Proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontal disease. Mediat. Inflamm. 2007:45794.46. Abu Khadra, K. M., Khalil, A. M., Abu Samak, M., & Aljaberi, A. (2015). Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones. Electromagnetic biology and medicine, 34(1), 72-76.47.Singh, K., Nagaraj, A., Yousuf, A., Ganta, S., Pareek, S., & Vishnani, P. (2016). Effect of electromagnetic radiations from mobile phone base stations on general health and salivary function. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 6(1), 54.48. Altpeter, E. S., Röösli, M., Battaglia, M., Pfluger, D., Minder, C. E., & Abelin, T. (2006). Effect of short‐wave (6–22 MHz) magnetic fields on sleep quality and melatonin cycle in humans: the Schwarzenburg shut‐down study. Bioelectromagnetics, 27(2), 142-150.49. Reiter, R. J., Rosales‐Corral, S. A., Liu, X. Y., Acuna‐Castroviejo, D., Escames, G., & Tan, D. X. (2015). Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. Journal of periodontal research, 50(1), 9-17.50. Jarupat S, Kawabata A, Tokura H, Borkiewicz A. 2003. Effects ofthe 1900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal melatonin secretion. J Physiol AnthropolAppl Human Sci 22(1):61–63.51. Nayak, R. N., Nayak, A., & Bhat, K. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum-an in vitro study. Journal of International Oral Health, 2(1), 1.

Düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik alanın tükürük bezleri üzerindeki zararlı etkileri

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 45 - 54, 14.08.2018

Abstract


Amaç:Bu çalışmada düşük frekanslı EMA’nin tükürük
bezleri üzerinde herhangi bir zararlı etkisini ve Melatonin (MLT) ve Ganoderma
lucidum(GL)’un bu zararlı etkilere karşı koruyucu bir etkisinin olup olmadığını
histopatolojik ve immunohistokimyasal olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Materyal ve metod:Bu çalışmada düşük frekanslı EMA’nin tükürük
bezleri üzerinde herhangi bir zararlı etkisini ve Melatonin (MLT) ve Ganoderma
lucidum(GL)’un bu zararlı etkilere karşı koruyucu bir etkisinin olup olmadığını
histopatolojik ve immunohistokimyasal olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Bulgular:Yapılan histopatolojik
analiz sonucunda; 26. ve 52. günde ratlar gruplar arası karşılaştırılmasında EMA,
(EMA+MLT) ve (EMA + GL) uygulanan gruplarda intra ve interlobuler kanallarda
dejenerasyon, iltihabi hücre infiltrasyonu ve kan damarlarında dilatasyon ve
hemorajikontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede fark
bulunmuştur (p˂0.05). immünohistokimyasal analizlerde ise, Vasküler Endotelyal
Büyüme Faktörü (VEGF) ve E-kadherin yapışma reseptörü(E-kadherin) ekspresyonu kontrol
grubu hariç diğer gruplarda pozitif ekspresyonu gözlemlenmiştir.

Sonuç:EMA'ye maruziyetin ratların tükürük bezlerinde
histopatolojik değişikliklere neden olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Yapılan tedavilerde
MLT ve GL'nin kullanımı bu zararlı etkilere karşı koruyucu bir etkiye sahip
olabilir.

References

  • 1. LI, Kangchu, et al. Effects of electromagnetic pulse on serum element levels in rat. Biological trace element research, 2014; 158(1): 81-86.2. Sullivan K, Balin AK, Allen RG. Effects of static magnetic fields on the growth of various types of human cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;32(2):140–147.3.Oksay T, Naziroglu M, Dogan S, et al. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia. 2014;46(1):65–72.4.Frahm, J., Lantow, M., Lupke, M., Weiss, D.G., Simkó, M. (2006) Alteration in cellular functions in Mouse macrophages after exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 99 (1):168 – 177.5.Roda-Murillo, O., Roda-Moreno, JA., Morente-Chiquero, MT., (2005) Effects of Low-frequency Magnetic Fields on Different Parameters of Embryo of Gallus Domesticus, Electromagn Biol Med, 24(1): 55-62.6. Ivancsits, S., Diem, E., Pilger, A., Rudiger, H.W., Jahn, O. (2002) Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts, Mutat Res, 519 (1-2): 1 – 13.7. Lai, H., Singh, NP., (1997) Acute Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Increases DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18:156-165.8. Harada, S., Yamada, S., Kuramata, O., Gunji,. Y., Kawasaki, M., Miyakawa, T., Yonekura, H., Sakurai, S., Bessho, K., Hosono, R., Yamamoto, H. (2001) Effects of high ELF magnetic fields on enzyme-catalyzed DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro and on a cell-free DNA mismatch repair, Bioelectromagnetics, 22 (4), 260– 266.9. Luceri, C., De Filippo, C., Giovannelli, L., Blangiardo, M., Cavalieri, D., Aglietti, F., Pampaloni, M., Andreuccetti, D., Pieri, L., Bambi, F., Biggeri, A., Dolara, P. (2005) Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields do not affect DNA damage and gene expression profiles of yeast and human lymphocytes, Radiat Res, 164 (3): 277 – 285.10. Franzellitti S, Valbonesi P, Ciancaglini N, et al. Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SV neo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 2010;683(1-2):35–42.11. Tranfo G, Pigini D, Brugaletta V, et al. Measures of melatonin and cortisol variations in volunteers exposed to GSM cellular phones in a double blind experiment. Webmedcentral Environ Med. 2010;1(9):1–25.12. Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz-Lautsevich N, Ostrom RS, Slominski A. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012;351:152–166.13. Reiter R, Rosales-Corral S, Liu X, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan D. Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. J Periodontal Res. 2015;50(1):9–17.14. Galano, A., Tan, D. X., & Reiter, R. J. (2011). Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. Journal of pineal research, 51(1), 1-16.15. Karasek, M., Woldanska-Okonska, M., Czernicki, J., Zylinska, K., Swietoslawski, J. (1998) Chronic exposure to 2,9 mT, 40Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans, Journal of Pineal Research, 25(4):240-244.16. Mau JL, Lin HC, Chen CC: Non-volatile components of several medicinal mushrooms. Food Research International. 2001, 34(6):521-526. 17. Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L: Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 2007, 13:265-301.18. Zhou XW, Lin J, Yin YZ, Zhao JY, Sun XF, Tang KX: Ganodermataceae: Natural products and their related pharmacological functions. American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2007, 35(4):559-574.19. Suarez-Arroyo, I. J., Rosario-Acevedo, R., Aguilar-Perez, A., Clemente, P. L., Cubano, L. A., Serrano, J., ... & Martínez-Montemayor, M. M. (2013). Anti-tumor effects of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) in inflammatory breast cancer in in vivo and in vitro models. PloS one, 8(2), e57431.20. Paterson RR. Ganoderma A Therapeutic Fungal Biofactory. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(18):1985–2001.21. Humphrey S.P., Williamson R.T., A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function, J. Prosthet. Dent., 85, 162-169, 2001.22. Diaz-Arnold AM., Marek CA., The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review, J. Prosthet. Dent., 88, 337-343, 2002.23. Streckfus CF, Bigler LR, Saliva as a diagnostic fluid, Oral Dis., 8, 69-76, 2002.24. Kinney, J. S., Morelli, T., Oh, M., Braun, T. M., Ramseier, C. A., Sugai, J. V., & Giannobile, W. V. (2014). Crevicular fluid biomarkers and periodontal disease progression. Journal of clinical periodontology, 41(2), 113-120.25. Ramseİer, CA., et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology, 2009, 80.3: 436-446.26. Ciftçi ZZ, Kırzıoğlu Z, Nazıroğlu M, et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2015;163(1–2):193–201.27. Dasdag S, Yavuz I, Bakkal M, et al. Effect of long term 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on enamel microhardness of rat’s teeth. Oral Health Dent Manage. 2014;13 (3):749–752.28. Doğan, M. S., Yavaş, M. C., Günay, A., Yavuz, İ., Deveci, E., Akkuş, Z., ... & Akdag, M. Z. The protective effect of melatonin and Ganoderma lucidum against the negative effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields on pulp structure in rat teeth. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 2017; 31(5): 979-988.29.Koyu A, Gökalp O, Özgüner F, Cesur G, Mollaoğlu H, Özer MK, et al. Subkronik 1800 MHz elektromanyetik alan uygulamasının TSH, T3, T4, kortizol ve testosteron hormon düzeylerine etkileri. Genel Tıp Derg 2005;15:101-5.30. Dinçer S, Kanan B, Ömeroğlu S, Gönül B. Düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik alana maruz kalan farelerde doku lipid peroksidasyonu, askorbik asit ve glutatyon düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Türkiye Tıp Dergisi 1998;5:173-6.31.Tolga, A. T. A. Y., Aslan, A., Heybeli, N., Aydoğan, N. H., Baydar, M. L., Ermol, C., & Yildiz, M. (2009). Effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phones on bone tissue. Balkan Medical Journal, 2009(4).32. Okudan N, Çiçekçibaşı AE, Büyükmumcu M, Çelik İ, Gökbel H, Salbacak A, et al. Çok düşük (50 Hz) frekanslı manyetik alanın farelerin serum kortizol ve testosteron düzeyleri ile testis histolojisi üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Tıp Derg 2006;22:1-7.33. Feychting, M. (2005) Health effects of static magnetic fields-a review of the epidemiological evidence, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 87, 241-246.34. Schreier, N., Huss, A., Röösli, M., (2006) The prevalence of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic field exposure: a cross-sectional representative survey in Switzerland, Soz Praventiv Med, 51: 202-209.35. Blaasaas, K.G., Tynes, T., Lie, R.T. (2004) Risk of selected birth defects by maternal residence close to power lines during pregnancy, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(2):174-176.36. European Commission. Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMA). Luxembourg: Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks, 2015.37. Siqueira, E. C., Souza, F. T. A., Ferreira, E., Souza, R. P., Macedo, S. C., Friedman, E., ... & Gomez, R. S. (2016). Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 45(9), 682-686.38. Ijiri K, Matsunaga S, Fukuyama K, Maeda S, Sakou T, Kitano M, et al. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic field on bone ingrowth into a porous coated implant. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2853-6.39. Matsumoto H, Ochi M, Abiko Y, Hirose Y, Kaku T, Sakaguchi K. Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote bone formation around dental implants inserted into the femur of rabbits. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2000;11:354-60.40. Steffensen B., Caffesse R.G., Hanks C.T., Avery J.K., Wright N. (1988) J. Periodontol., 59, 46-52.41. Kaya S, Celik MS, Akdag MZ, et al. The Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field and Mangan to the oral tissues. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2008;22(3):869–873.42. O and Aframian DJ. 2010. The influence of handheld mobile phones on human parotid gland secretion. Oral Dis., 16:146-150.43. Hamzany, Y., Feinmesser, R., Shpitzer, T., et al. (2013). Is human saliva an indicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phones? Antioxid. Redox Signal. 18:622–627.44. Khalil, A. M., Abu Khadra, K. M., Aljaberi, A. M., et al. (2013). Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users. Electromagn. Biol. Med. Early Online: 1–6. DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.783855.45. Borges, Jr. I., Moreira, E. A., Filho, D. W., et al. (2007). Proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontal disease. Mediat. Inflamm. 2007:45794.46. Abu Khadra, K. M., Khalil, A. M., Abu Samak, M., & Aljaberi, A. (2015). Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones. Electromagnetic biology and medicine, 34(1), 72-76.47.Singh, K., Nagaraj, A., Yousuf, A., Ganta, S., Pareek, S., & Vishnani, P. (2016). Effect of electromagnetic radiations from mobile phone base stations on general health and salivary function. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry, 6(1), 54.48. Altpeter, E. S., Röösli, M., Battaglia, M., Pfluger, D., Minder, C. E., & Abelin, T. (2006). Effect of short‐wave (6–22 MHz) magnetic fields on sleep quality and melatonin cycle in humans: the Schwarzenburg shut‐down study. Bioelectromagnetics, 27(2), 142-150.49. Reiter, R. J., Rosales‐Corral, S. A., Liu, X. Y., Acuna‐Castroviejo, D., Escames, G., & Tan, D. X. (2015). Melatonin in the oral cavity: physiological and pathological implications. Journal of periodontal research, 50(1), 9-17.50. Jarupat S, Kawabata A, Tokura H, Borkiewicz A. 2003. Effects ofthe 1900 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on nocturnal melatonin secretion. J Physiol AnthropolAppl Human Sci 22(1):61–63.51. Nayak, R. N., Nayak, A., & Bhat, K. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum-an in vitro study. Journal of International Oral Health, 2(1), 1.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Sinan Doğan 0000-0002-3089-1305

Abdülsamet Tanik 0000-0002-4430-2196

Mehmet Cihan Yavaş 0000-0002-2923-050X

Publication Date August 14, 2018
Submission Date July 21, 2018
Acceptance Date July 30, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Doğan MS, Tanik A, Yavaş MC. Düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik alanın tükürük bezleri üzerindeki zararlı etkileri. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;15(2):45-54.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty