Abstract
Sürdürülebilir mimari, yapılı çevrenin çevre dostu ilkelere uygun olarak tasarımında enerji tasarrufu ve ekolojik bir yaklaşım benimsemektedir. Endonezya ve özellikle Bali geleneksel mimarisi, toplumun geleneklerinden ve kültüründen gelen sürdürülebilir mimari uygulamaları barındırmaktadır. Bali mimarisi genellikle iklim ve doğal koşulların yanı sıra çevresel sosyal yaşamı da dikkate almaktadır. Bu anlayışta insan yaşamı (Bhuana Alit / Mikroevren) ve doğal çevresi (Bhuana Agung / Makroevren) arasında bir denge elde etmek esas amaç olmuştur. Bu çalışmada geleneksel Bali mimarisinde sürdürülebilir mimarinin uygulamasını tanımlamayı ve açıklamayı amaçlanmıştır. Geleneksel Bali mimarisi, doğal çevreyi ve günlük hayatın yer aldığı sosyal çevreyi (doğal mekân ve sosyal mekân) uyum içerisinde bir arada tutmayı esas alır. Bali Mimarisi; Hinduizm'inin manevi değerleri, sosyokültürel faktörler ve diğer dini inançlardan etkilenmiştir. Coğrafi konum ve iklimin getirdiği doğal koşullar bir tarım toplumu oluşturmuş, bu yaşantının etkileri ise mimariye sirayet etmiştir. Geleneksel Bali mimarisi, Tri Angga (Üç Basamak), Tri Mandala (Üç Mandala), ve Sanga Mandala (Dokuz Mandala) olmak üzere üç ana kavramı etrafında şekillenmiştir. Üç Basamak, Üç Mandala, ve Dokuz Mandala kavramı doğa ve insanların uyumunu vurgulamaktadır. Geleneksel Bali mimarisi, sürdürülebilir mimarinin doğru uygulamalarına bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Geleneksel Bali mimarisi çevresel sürdürülebilirliğe katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; yapı çevresinde kalan peyzaj alanlarının desteklenmesi, doğal havalandırma sistemleri, doğal ve sürdürülebilir yapı malzemeleri, insan ve doğa arasındaki uyum, doğal aydınlatmadan verimli bir biçimde yararlanma olarak sıralanabilir. Bali geleneksel mimarisi temelden yapının çatısına kadar ekonomik, sürdürülebilir ve uygulaması kolay malzeme seçimini esas almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası Bali geleneksel mimarisi, Bali halkının manevi değerlerinin mimariye etkisi ve sosyal sürdürülebilir mimarinin bir uygulama biçimi olan imecenin Bali'deki karşılığı Gotong Royong sistemi olmuştur.
References
- Aranha, J. (1991). Comparison of Traditional Settlements in Nepal and Bali. TD5R Vol II 1991, pp.35-47, Berkeley.
- Aryani Ni putu, T. G. (2013). Sustainable Architectural Design In A Traditio-nal Balinese Housing In Accordance To The Concept Of Tri Mandala.Taiwan: Na-tional Taiwan University.
- Budihardjo, E. (1986). Architectural Conservation in Bali. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
- Covarrubias, M. (1986). Island of Bali. New York: KPI.
- Damayanthi, S. (2017). The Undagi Lexicon in The Manufacture of Residen-tial Houses Based on Asta Kosala Kosali Concept in Denpasar. Retorika: Jurnal Il-mu Bahasa Vol 3, No.3, pp.90-96.
- Dwijendra. N. K. A.. (2008). Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Bali. Denpasar: Udayana University Press.
- Frick, H., Bambang, S. (1998). Dasar – Dasar Eko - Arsitektur. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
- Gelebet, N. (1984). Landasan Filosofis Penentuan Gegulak dan Terapannya dalam Bangunan – bangunannya. Denpasar: Pusat Informasi Teknik Bangunan, Kantor Wilayah Departemen PU Propinsi Bali.
- Gelebet, N. (1986). Pokok - pokok Pengarahan Arsitektur Tradisional Bali. Bali: Dinas Kepariwisataan Daerah Bali.
- Goris, R. (2012). Sifat Religius Masyarakat Pedesaan di Bali. Denpasar: Uda-yana University Press.
- Lansing, J. S. (1983). The Three Worlds of Bali. New York: Praeger.
- Mclennan, J. F. (2004). The Philosophy of Sustainable Design. Missouri: Eco-tone LLC.
- Meganada, I. W. (1990). Grid Pattern Morphology in Balinese Village (Mor-fologi Grid Paterrn Pada Desa di Bali). Bandung: Post-Graduate Program of Ban-dung Institute of Technology (Program Pasca Sarjana S-2 Arsitektur, Institut Tek-nologi Bandung.
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- Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. New York: Taylor & Francis inc.
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SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS BASED ON CULTURE AND RELIGION IN BALI TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
Abstract
Sustainable architecture embraces an energy-saving and ecological approach in the design of the built environment in accordance with environmentally responsible principles Indonesian and especially Balinese traditional architecture embodies sustainable architectural practices that are rooted in the traditions and culture of the community. Balinese architecture generally takes into account climate and natural environment as well as environmental social life. In this understanding, achieving a balance between human life (Bhuana Agung/Microcosmos) and the natural environment (Bhuana Agung/Macrocosmos) has been the main goal. This study aims to define and explain the application of sustainable architecture in traditional Balinese architecture. Traditional Balinese architecture is based on keeping the natural environment and the social environment where daily life takes place (natural space and social space) together in harmony. Balinese architecture is influenced by the spiritual values of Hinduism, sociocultural factors and other religious beliefs. The natural conditions brought about by geographical location and climate have created an agricultural society, and the effects of this life have spread to the architecture. Traditional Balinese architecture is shaped around three main concepts: Tri Angga (Three Steps), Tri Mandala (Three Mandala), and Sanga Mandala (Nine Mandala). The concept of Three Steps, Three Mandala, and Nine Mandala emphasises the harmony of nature and people. Traditional Balinese architecture is an example of the correct examples of sustainable architecture. Traditional Balinese architecture contributes to environmental sustainability. These can be listed as; supporting the landscape areas around the building, natural ventilation systems, natural and sustainable building materials, harmony between human and nature, efficient utilisation of natural lighting. Balinese traditional architecture is based on the selection of economical, sustainable and easy-to-apply materials from the foundation to the roof of the building. The focal point of this study is the traditional architecture of Bali, the effect of the spiritual values of the Balinese people on the architecture and the Gotong Royong system, which is the Balinese equivalent of "imece", a form of social sustainable architecture.
References
- Aranha, J. (1991). Comparison of Traditional Settlements in Nepal and Bali. TD5R Vol II 1991, pp.35-47, Berkeley.
- Aryani Ni putu, T. G. (2013). Sustainable Architectural Design In A Traditio-nal Balinese Housing In Accordance To The Concept Of Tri Mandala.Taiwan: Na-tional Taiwan University.
- Budihardjo, E. (1986). Architectural Conservation in Bali. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
- Covarrubias, M. (1986). Island of Bali. New York: KPI.
- Damayanthi, S. (2017). The Undagi Lexicon in The Manufacture of Residen-tial Houses Based on Asta Kosala Kosali Concept in Denpasar. Retorika: Jurnal Il-mu Bahasa Vol 3, No.3, pp.90-96.
- Dwijendra. N. K. A.. (2008). Arsitektur Rumah Tradisional Bali. Denpasar: Udayana University Press.
- Frick, H., Bambang, S. (1998). Dasar – Dasar Eko - Arsitektur. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
- Gelebet, N. (1984). Landasan Filosofis Penentuan Gegulak dan Terapannya dalam Bangunan – bangunannya. Denpasar: Pusat Informasi Teknik Bangunan, Kantor Wilayah Departemen PU Propinsi Bali.
- Gelebet, N. (1986). Pokok - pokok Pengarahan Arsitektur Tradisional Bali. Bali: Dinas Kepariwisataan Daerah Bali.
- Goris, R. (2012). Sifat Religius Masyarakat Pedesaan di Bali. Denpasar: Uda-yana University Press.
- Lansing, J. S. (1983). The Three Worlds of Bali. New York: Praeger.
- Mclennan, J. F. (2004). The Philosophy of Sustainable Design. Missouri: Eco-tone LLC.
- Meganada, I. W. (1990). Grid Pattern Morphology in Balinese Village (Mor-fologi Grid Paterrn Pada Desa di Bali). Bandung: Post-Graduate Program of Ban-dung Institute of Technology (Program Pasca Sarjana S-2 Arsitektur, Institut Tek-nologi Bandung.
- Pitts, A. (2004). Planning and Design Strategies for Sustainability and Profit. Oxford: Elsevier Architectural Press Oxford.
- Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. New York: Taylor & Francis inc.
- Sitinjak, R. H. I., Wardani, L. K., Nilasari, P. F. (2020). Traditional Balinese Architecture: From Cosmic to Modern. ICSH 2019.
- URL-1:https://www.arsitag.com/article/mengenal-keunikan-arsitektur-bali (E.T.23.11.2020)
- URL-2:https://www.baliplus.com/2017/11/13/asta-kosala-kosali-the-structure-of-balis-traditional-house/ (E.T.09.11.2020)
- URL-3: https://damainesia.com/rumah-adat-bali/ (E.T.09.11.2020)
- URL-4:https://www.dekoruma.com/artikel/70453/fakta-menarik-arsitektur-tradisional-bali (E.T.10.11.2020)
- URL-5: https://ekspektasia.com/rumah-adat-bali/ (E.T.10.11.2020)
- URL-6:http://wismaberita-online.blogspot.com/2016/10/penunggun-karang-sebagai-pelindung.html (E.T.11.11.2020)
- URL-7:https://www.99.co/blog/indonesia/arsitektur-rumah-bali-modern/ (E.T.23.11.2020)
- URL-8: https://aminama.com/rumah-adat-bali/ (E.T.25.11.2020)
- URL-9:https://www.facebook.com/baliterkini.id/posts/gotong-royong-membangun-rumah-di-desa-bedulu-blahbatuh-gianyar-1969harmonisasi-d/1048783455492539/ (E.T.09.12.2020)
- URL-10: http://www.bali.polri.go.id/?q=node/2215319 (E.T.09.12.2020)
- URL-11:https://hindujogja.com/blog/ini-penyebab-kegagalan-tri-hita-karana/ (E.T.11.11.2020)
- URL-12: https://www.putrama.co.id/8-fakta-unik-rumah-bali/ (E.T.11.11.2020)
- URL-13:https://tempatwisataunik.com/wisata-indonesia/bali/desa-wisata-di-bali (E.T.11.11.2020)
- URL-14:https://www.arsitag.com/article/kesan-tradisional-dari-atap-ijuk (E.T.11.11.2020)
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sociology (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 28, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 17, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 |
