Research Article
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Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 37 - 44, 31.01.2023

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the health belief levels of the individuals aged 40-70 years for prevention of colorectal cancer and the rates and status of their participating in colorectal cancer screening programs.
Material and Method: This descriptive study was conducted with 237 individuals who admitted to the surgery and internal outpatient clinics of a university hospital. Data were collected with a questionnaire including descriptive characteristics and colorectal cancer knowledge and behaviors of the participants and The Health Belief Model Scale for Protection from Colorectal Cancer was used.
Results: It was determined that 19.8% of the individuals participated in the colorectal cancer screening. Individuals who had knowledge about colorectal cancer screening had 2.5 times more colorectal cancer screening behavior than the other group (Exp (β)/OR=2,246, %95, CI=1,1-4,3).
Conclusion: As a result of this study, the participation in colorectal cancer screening was inadequate, participation in screening, descriptive characteristics and the mean sub scales scores did not change the participation, however the knowledge about colorectal cancer and the age of screening was found to have a positive effect on the participation in the screening.

References

  • WHO [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2017 Aug 7]. Available from: http://www.who.int/cancer/en/
  • Kalkım A, Dağhan Ş, Taşkın C. Examination knowledge levels of elderly people about colorectal cancer’s risks and early diagnosis and their this cancer’s risks. SDÜ Sağlık Bilim Enstitüsü Derg. 2014;5(3):88– 93.
  • Yılmaz M, Dereli F, Yelten G. Some Sociodemographic Characteristics, Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Beliefs of Individuals Aged 50 and over Effect on Screening Behaviors of Colon Cancer. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Derg. 2016;13(3):226–34.
  • Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, Cronin KA, Ma J, Ryerson AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2014, Featuring Survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):1–22.
  • GLOBOCAN [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2022 June 06]. Available from: https://www.uicc.org/news/globocan-2020-new-global-cancer-data
  • World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. WHO; 2020. [cited 2022 Jun]. Available from: who.int/ data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe- leading-causes-of-death
  • CSC [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Aug 7]. Available from: http://www. cancersupportcommunity.org
  • Pirinççi S, Benli C, Okyay P. Patients admitted to tertiary health care center colorectal cancer screening program awareness study. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2015;14(3):209–14.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RGS, Barzi A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(3):177– 93.
  • Turkey Statistics Yearbook [Internet]. 2020. Accessed June 20, 2022. Available from: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,89801/saglik- istatistikleri-yilligi-2020-yayinlanmistir.html
  • Al Wutayd O, Alamri F, Ali AM, Kassim AK. Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors: A Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cancer Res J. 2015;3(5):94.
  • Şeyda Şahin N. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to participation of colorectal cancer screening in Aydın central region. Türkiye Aile Hekim Derg. 2015;19(1):37–48.
  • Alsmkari MS, Felemban AA, Alaauldeen SI, Alzubaidi MA, Alzubaidi SA, Jameel WS, et al. Assessment the knowledge and behaviour of adult related to colorectal cancer in westren region of saudi arabia. A cross sectional study of 819 participants. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4(2):221–6.
  • Su TT, Goh JY, Tan J, Muhaimah AR, Pigeneswaren Y, Khairun NS, et al. Level of colorectal cancer awareness: A cross sectional exploratory study among multi-ethnic rural population in Malaysia. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(376):2–8.
  • Baysal Yalçınöz H, Türkoğlu N. Evaluation of health beliefs and knowledge levels on protection from colorectal cancer in individuals. Int J Hum Sci [Internet]. 2013;10(1):1238–50. Available from: https://j- humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/ijhs/article/download/2450/1117
  • Alnuwaysir M, Baral N, Alhadhari H. Colorectal Cancer Awareness and Attitude among Adult, Al-Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Adv Cancer Prev. 2016;01(04):10–3.
  • Galal YS, Amin TT, Alarfaj AK, Almulhim AA, Aljughaiman AA, Almulla AK, et al. Colon cancer among older saudis: Awareness of risk factors and early signs, and perceived barriers to screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(4):1837–46.
  • Jones RM, Devers KJ, Kuzel AJ, Woolf SH. Patient-Reported Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening. A Mixed-Methods Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(5):508–16.
  • Wilkins T, Gillies RA, Harbuck S, Garren J, Looney SW, Schade RR. Racial disparities and barriers to colorectal cancer screening in rural areas. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(3):308–17.
  • Ozsoy SA, Ardahan M, Özmen D. Reliability and validity of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale in Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 2007;30(2):139–45.
  • Wang J, Moehring J, Stuhr S, Krug M. Barriers to colorectal cancer screening in Hispanics in the United States: An integrative review. Appl Nurs Res [Internet]. 2013;26(4):218–24. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.apnr.2013.08.005
  • Sohler NL, Jerant A, Franks P. Socio-psychological factors in the expanded health belief model and subsequent colorectal cancer screening. Physiol Behav [Internet]. 2017;176(10):139– 48. Available from: file:///C:/Users/Carla%0ACarolina/Desktop/ Artigos%0Apara%0Aacrescentar%0Ana%0Aqualificação/
  • Jacobs LA. Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: A population-based survey. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25(4):251–65.
  • Shokar NK, Vernon SW, Weller SC. Cancer and colorectal cancer: Knowledge, beliefs, and screening preferences of a diverse patient population. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):341–7.
  • Taheri-Kharameh Z, Noorizadeh F, Sangy S, Zamanian H, Shouri- Bidgoli AR, Oveisi H. Factors associated with adherence to colorectal cancer screening among moderate risk individuals in Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;16(18):8371–5.
  • Abuadas FH, Petro-Nustas WJ, Abuadas MH. The Effect of a Health Education Intervention on Jordanian Participants’ Colorectal Cancer Knowledge, Health Perceptions, and Screening Practices. Cancer Nurs. 2018;41(3):226–37.
  • Gholampour Y, Jaderipour A, Jeihooni AK, Kashfi SM, Harsini PA. The effect of educational intervention based on health belief model and social support on the rate of participation of individuals in performing fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(10):2777–87.
  • Christou A, Thompson SC. Colorectal cancer screening knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intention among Indigenous Western Australians. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2012;12(528):2–16. Available from: BMC Public Health
  • Koo JH, Leong RWL, Ching J, Yeoh KG, Wu DC, Murdani A, et al. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to participation of colorectal cancer screening tests in the Asia-Pacific region: A multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(1):126–35.
  • Tastan S, Andsoy II, Iyigun E. Evaluation of the knowledge, behavior and health beliefs of individuals over 50 regarding colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(9):5157–63.
  • Wong HLC, Lopez-Nahas V, Molassiotis A. Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients. Hear Lung J Acute Crit Care. 2001;30(5):376–87.
  • Almadi M, Alghamdi F. The gap between knowledge and undergoing colorectal cancer screening using the Health Belief Model: A national survey. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(1):27–39.
  • Yüceler Kaçmaz H, Çürük GN. Healthy lifestyle behaviours and attitudes of relatives of patients with colorectal cancer towards protection from colorectal cancer. Turkısh J Clin Lab. 2017;9(1):36–49.
  • Almadi MA, Mosli MH, Bohlega MS, Al Essa MA, Aldohan MS, Alabdallatif TA, et al. Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(2):71–7
  • Courtier R, Casamitjana M, Macià F, Panadés A, Castells X, Gil MJ, et al. Participation in a colorectal cancer screening programme: Influence of the method of contacting the target population. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002;11(3):209–13.
  • Koc S, Esin MN. Screening behaviors, health beliefs, and related factors of first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients with ongoing treatment in Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 2014;37(6): 51–60.
  • Cole SR, Zajac I, Gregory T, Mehaffey S, Roosa N, Turnbull D, et al. Psychosocial variables associated with colorectal cancer screening in South Australia. Int J Behav Med. 2011;18(4):302–9.
  • McCaffery K, Wardle J, Waller J. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions in relation to the early detection of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. Prev Med (Baltim). 2003;36(5):525–35.
  • Molina-Barceló A, Salas Trejo D, Peiró-Pérez R, Málaga López A. To participate or not? giving voice to gender and socio-economic differences in colorectal cancer screening programmes. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2011;20(5):669–78.
  • Yiğitbaş Ç, Bulut A, Bulut A, Semerci M. Bingöl Devlet Hastanesi'ne Başvuran Yetişkinlerin Kanser Tarama Testlerine İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutumları. Türk Jinekolojik Onkol Derg [Internet]. 2016;19(2):29–38. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/trsgo/issue/36060/404915
  • Lee SY, Lee EE. Access to health care, beliefs, and behaviors about colorectal cancer screening among Korean Americans. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(7):2021–7.
  • Bukhari H, Mirza M, Ghazi Almatrafi F, Fahad Alqhtani E, Khald Yamani A, Mohammed Sabiani F, et al. Public Awareness of Risk Factors, Screening and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Acad Sci Res [Internet]. 2016;4(1):2272–6446. Available from: www.ijasrjournal.org
  • Menon U, Champion VL, Larkin GN, Zollinger TW, Gerde PM, Vernon SW. Beliefs Associated With Fecal Occult Blood Test and. J Occup Env Med [Internet]. 2011;45(8):891–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042891/pdf/nihms270523.pdf
  • Öztaş B, İyigün E, Taştan S, Can MF, Öztaş M. Determination of Cancer Risk Perceptions and Health Beliefs of First-Degree Relatives of Patients Who Were Operated with Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. Turkish J Color Dis. 2018;28(2):80–7.
  • Ueland AS, Hornung PA, Greenwald B. Colorectal cancer: prevention and screening. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2006;9(1):357–63.

Erişkin Bireylerin Kolorektal Kanserden Korunmaya Yönelik Sağlık İnanç Düzeyleri ve Tarama Programına Katılım Durumları

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 37 - 44, 31.01.2023

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırma, 40-70 yaş arası bireylerin kolorektal kanserden korunmaya yönelik sağlık inanç düzeylerini ve kolorektal kanser tarama programlarına katılım durumlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışma, bir üniversite hastanesinin cerrahi ve dahili polikliniklerine başvuran 237 birey ile yürütüldü. Verilerin toplanmasında, katılımcıların tanıtıcı özellikleri ile kolorektal kanser bilgi ve davranışını içeren bir anket formu ve Kolorektal Kanserden Korunmaya Yönelik Sağlık İnanç Modeli Ölçeği kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Bireylerin %19,8’inin kolorektal kanser taramasına katıldığı saptandı. Kolorektal kanser taraması hakkında bilgisi olanların olmayanlara göre yaklaşık 2,5 kat (Exp (β)/OR=2,246, %95, CI=1,1-4,3) daha fazla kolorektal kanser tarama davranışı olduğu belirlendi.
Sonuç: Araştırma bulguları, kolorektal kanser taramalarına katılım oranının düşük olduğunu, tanıtıcı özelliklerin ve ölçek alt boyut puan ortalamalarının kolorektal kanser taramalarına katılımı değiştirmediğini, ancak kolorektal kanser ve tarama yaşını bilmenin taramaya katılımı olumlu yönde etkilediğini gösterdi.

References

  • WHO [Internet]. World Health Organization [cited 2017 Aug 7]. Available from: http://www.who.int/cancer/en/
  • Kalkım A, Dağhan Ş, Taşkın C. Examination knowledge levels of elderly people about colorectal cancer’s risks and early diagnosis and their this cancer’s risks. SDÜ Sağlık Bilim Enstitüsü Derg. 2014;5(3):88– 93.
  • Yılmaz M, Dereli F, Yelten G. Some Sociodemographic Characteristics, Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Beliefs of Individuals Aged 50 and over Effect on Screening Behaviors of Colon Cancer. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Derg. 2016;13(3):226–34.
  • Jemal A, Ward EM, Johnson CJ, Cronin KA, Ma J, Ryerson AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2014, Featuring Survival. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):1–22.
  • GLOBOCAN [Internet]. 2020. [cited 2022 June 06]. Available from: https://www.uicc.org/news/globocan-2020-new-global-cancer-data
  • World Health Organization (WHO) [Internet]. Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. WHO; 2020. [cited 2022 Jun]. Available from: who.int/ data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe- leading-causes-of-death
  • CSC [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Aug 7]. Available from: http://www. cancersupportcommunity.org
  • Pirinççi S, Benli C, Okyay P. Patients admitted to tertiary health care center colorectal cancer screening program awareness study. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2015;14(3):209–14.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RGS, Barzi A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(3):177– 93.
  • Turkey Statistics Yearbook [Internet]. 2020. Accessed June 20, 2022. Available from: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,89801/saglik- istatistikleri-yilligi-2020-yayinlanmistir.html
  • Al Wutayd O, Alamri F, Ali AM, Kassim AK. Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors: A Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cancer Res J. 2015;3(5):94.
  • Şeyda Şahin N. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to participation of colorectal cancer screening in Aydın central region. Türkiye Aile Hekim Derg. 2015;19(1):37–48.
  • Alsmkari MS, Felemban AA, Alaauldeen SI, Alzubaidi MA, Alzubaidi SA, Jameel WS, et al. Assessment the knowledge and behaviour of adult related to colorectal cancer in westren region of saudi arabia. A cross sectional study of 819 participants. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 2017;4(2):221–6.
  • Su TT, Goh JY, Tan J, Muhaimah AR, Pigeneswaren Y, Khairun NS, et al. Level of colorectal cancer awareness: A cross sectional exploratory study among multi-ethnic rural population in Malaysia. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(376):2–8.
  • Baysal Yalçınöz H, Türkoğlu N. Evaluation of health beliefs and knowledge levels on protection from colorectal cancer in individuals. Int J Hum Sci [Internet]. 2013;10(1):1238–50. Available from: https://j- humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/ijhs/article/download/2450/1117
  • Alnuwaysir M, Baral N, Alhadhari H. Colorectal Cancer Awareness and Attitude among Adult, Al-Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Adv Cancer Prev. 2016;01(04):10–3.
  • Galal YS, Amin TT, Alarfaj AK, Almulhim AA, Aljughaiman AA, Almulla AK, et al. Colon cancer among older saudis: Awareness of risk factors and early signs, and perceived barriers to screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(4):1837–46.
  • Jones RM, Devers KJ, Kuzel AJ, Woolf SH. Patient-Reported Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening. A Mixed-Methods Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(5):508–16.
  • Wilkins T, Gillies RA, Harbuck S, Garren J, Looney SW, Schade RR. Racial disparities and barriers to colorectal cancer screening in rural areas. J Am Board Fam Med. 2012;25(3):308–17.
  • Ozsoy SA, Ardahan M, Özmen D. Reliability and validity of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale in Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 2007;30(2):139–45.
  • Wang J, Moehring J, Stuhr S, Krug M. Barriers to colorectal cancer screening in Hispanics in the United States: An integrative review. Appl Nurs Res [Internet]. 2013;26(4):218–24. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.apnr.2013.08.005
  • Sohler NL, Jerant A, Franks P. Socio-psychological factors in the expanded health belief model and subsequent colorectal cancer screening. Physiol Behav [Internet]. 2017;176(10):139– 48. Available from: file:///C:/Users/Carla%0ACarolina/Desktop/ Artigos%0Apara%0Aacrescentar%0Ana%0Aqualificação/
  • Jacobs LA. Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: A population-based survey. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25(4):251–65.
  • Shokar NK, Vernon SW, Weller SC. Cancer and colorectal cancer: Knowledge, beliefs, and screening preferences of a diverse patient population. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):341–7.
  • Taheri-Kharameh Z, Noorizadeh F, Sangy S, Zamanian H, Shouri- Bidgoli AR, Oveisi H. Factors associated with adherence to colorectal cancer screening among moderate risk individuals in Iran. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2016;16(18):8371–5.
  • Abuadas FH, Petro-Nustas WJ, Abuadas MH. The Effect of a Health Education Intervention on Jordanian Participants’ Colorectal Cancer Knowledge, Health Perceptions, and Screening Practices. Cancer Nurs. 2018;41(3):226–37.
  • Gholampour Y, Jaderipour A, Jeihooni AK, Kashfi SM, Harsini PA. The effect of educational intervention based on health belief model and social support on the rate of participation of individuals in performing fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(10):2777–87.
  • Christou A, Thompson SC. Colorectal cancer screening knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intention among Indigenous Western Australians. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2012;12(528):2–16. Available from: BMC Public Health
  • Koo JH, Leong RWL, Ching J, Yeoh KG, Wu DC, Murdani A, et al. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to participation of colorectal cancer screening tests in the Asia-Pacific region: A multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(1):126–35.
  • Tastan S, Andsoy II, Iyigun E. Evaluation of the knowledge, behavior and health beliefs of individuals over 50 regarding colorectal cancer screening. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(9):5157–63.
  • Wong HLC, Lopez-Nahas V, Molassiotis A. Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator-dependent patients. Hear Lung J Acute Crit Care. 2001;30(5):376–87.
  • Almadi M, Alghamdi F. The gap between knowledge and undergoing colorectal cancer screening using the Health Belief Model: A national survey. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(1):27–39.
  • Yüceler Kaçmaz H, Çürük GN. Healthy lifestyle behaviours and attitudes of relatives of patients with colorectal cancer towards protection from colorectal cancer. Turkısh J Clin Lab. 2017;9(1):36–49.
  • Almadi MA, Mosli MH, Bohlega MS, Al Essa MA, Aldohan MS, Alabdallatif TA, et al. Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(2):71–7
  • Courtier R, Casamitjana M, Macià F, Panadés A, Castells X, Gil MJ, et al. Participation in a colorectal cancer screening programme: Influence of the method of contacting the target population. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002;11(3):209–13.
  • Koc S, Esin MN. Screening behaviors, health beliefs, and related factors of first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients with ongoing treatment in Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 2014;37(6): 51–60.
  • Cole SR, Zajac I, Gregory T, Mehaffey S, Roosa N, Turnbull D, et al. Psychosocial variables associated with colorectal cancer screening in South Australia. Int J Behav Med. 2011;18(4):302–9.
  • McCaffery K, Wardle J, Waller J. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions in relation to the early detection of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. Prev Med (Baltim). 2003;36(5):525–35.
  • Molina-Barceló A, Salas Trejo D, Peiró-Pérez R, Málaga López A. To participate or not? giving voice to gender and socio-economic differences in colorectal cancer screening programmes. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2011;20(5):669–78.
  • Yiğitbaş Ç, Bulut A, Bulut A, Semerci M. Bingöl Devlet Hastanesi'ne Başvuran Yetişkinlerin Kanser Tarama Testlerine İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutumları. Türk Jinekolojik Onkol Derg [Internet]. 2016;19(2):29–38. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/trsgo/issue/36060/404915
  • Lee SY, Lee EE. Access to health care, beliefs, and behaviors about colorectal cancer screening among Korean Americans. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(7):2021–7.
  • Bukhari H, Mirza M, Ghazi Almatrafi F, Fahad Alqhtani E, Khald Yamani A, Mohammed Sabiani F, et al. Public Awareness of Risk Factors, Screening and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Acad Sci Res [Internet]. 2016;4(1):2272–6446. Available from: www.ijasrjournal.org
  • Menon U, Champion VL, Larkin GN, Zollinger TW, Gerde PM, Vernon SW. Beliefs Associated With Fecal Occult Blood Test and. J Occup Env Med [Internet]. 2011;45(8):891–8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042891/pdf/nihms270523.pdf
  • Öztaş B, İyigün E, Taştan S, Can MF, Öztaş M. Determination of Cancer Risk Perceptions and Health Beliefs of First-Degree Relatives of Patients Who Were Operated with Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. Turkish J Color Dis. 2018;28(2):80–7.
  • Ueland AS, Hornung PA, Greenwald B. Colorectal cancer: prevention and screening. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2006;9(1):357–63.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Hilal Kahraman 0000-0001-6389-8039

Şerife Kurşun 0000-0003-1960-3955

Early Pub Date January 31, 2023
Publication Date January 31, 2023
Submission Date August 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kahraman, H., & Kurşun, Ş. (2023). Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 37-44.
AMA Kahraman H, Kurşun Ş. Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program. İKÇÜSBFD. January 2023;8(1):37-44.
Chicago Kahraman, Hilal, and Şerife Kurşun. “Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8, no. 1 (January 2023): 37-44.
EndNote Kahraman H, Kurşun Ş (January 1, 2023) Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8 1 37–44.
IEEE H. Kahraman and Ş. Kurşun, “Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program”, İKÇÜSBFD, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2023.
ISNAD Kahraman, Hilal - Kurşun, Şerife. “Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (January 2023), 37-44.
JAMA Kahraman H, Kurşun Ş. Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8:37–44.
MLA Kahraman, Hilal and Şerife Kurşun. “Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program”. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2023, pp. 37-44.
Vancouver Kahraman H, Kurşun Ş. Health Belief Levels of Adult Individuals on Prevention of Colorectal Cancer and Their Status of Participating in Screening Program. İKÇÜSBFD. 2023;8(1):37-44.



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