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COVID-19’s Impact on Olfactory Function and Olfaction-Related Quality of Life and its Relationship with Eating BehaviorCOVID-19's Impact on Olfactory Function and Olfaction-Related Quality of Life and Its Relationship with Eating Behavior

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 303 - 312, 31.08.2023

Mert Artuk Sibel Tunç Karaman Okcan Basat

https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1318541

Abstract

Objective: Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) can cause smell and taste disorders that can continue after recovery. In this study; it was aimed to examine the effect of COVID-19 on olfactory function and odor-related quality of life (QOL) and its relationship with eating behavior.

Material and Methods: This analytical study was conducted with individuals aged 18 years and older who applied to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital between January and May 2022, who had not had a diagnosed eating disorder and had COVID-19 in the last 2-6 months. In obtaining the data; Patient Information Form, Assessment of Self-Reported Olfactory Functioning and Olfaction-Related Quality of Life (ASOF), and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used.

Results: The study was carried out with 316 people with a mean age of 39.71±13.40 years. Average scores from ASOF sub-dimensions; 9.16±1.47 for self-reported capability of perceiving (SRP); 4.66±0.75 for the capacity to detect specific odors scale (SOC) and 4.70±0.65 for the olfaction-related quality of life (ORQ). 1.26% of the participants had deterioration in SRP, 3.8% in SOC and 8.5% in ORQ. The average scores from DEBQ were; 32.57±13.16 for “Emotional Eating”; 27.60±7.85 for “Restrictive Eating” and 31.10±7.47 for “External Eating”. No statistically significant correlation was found between ASOF and DEBQ scores. Those who had COVID-19 4-6 months ago had higher SRP, SOC, ORQ and 'Restrictive Eating' scores (p<0.001; p<0.001; p<0.001; p=0.044, respectively).

Conclusion: Abnormal olfactory capacity was detected in 1.26% of those who had COVID-19, a decrease in the capacity to detect odors in 3.8% and a decrease in ORQ in 8.5%. Odor-related functions and ORQ were more impaired in those with a more recent history. However, there was no significant relationship between olfactory function and ORQ and eating behaviors.

Keywords

COVID-19 odor-related quality of life eating behavior

References

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Naming the corona virus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/ naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ question-and-answers-hub
  • Mastrangelo A, Bonato M, Cinque P. Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes. Neurosci Lett. 2021;748:135694.
  • Desai I, Manchanda R, Kumar N, Tiwari A, Kumar M. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019: Exploring past to understand present. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(3):773-85.
  • Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Toko L, Royer PY, Lepiller Q, Gendrin V et al. Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(5):436-9.
  • Boscolo-Rizzo P, Guida F, Polesel J, Marcuzzo AV, Antonucci P, Capriotti V et al. Self-reported smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A one-year prospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(1):515-20.
  • Zhou F, Zhang T, Jin Y, Ma Y, Li Y, Zeng M et al. Unveiling the knowledge domain and emerging trends of olfactory dysfunction with depression or anxiety: A bibliometrics study. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:959936.
  • Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Marin C, Klimek L et al. The loss of smell and taste in the COVID-19 outbreak: A tale of many countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(10):61.
  • Hay P, Mitchison D, Collado AEL, González-Chica DA, Stocks N, Touyz S. Burden and health-related quality of life of eating disorders, including Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), in the Australian population. J Eat Disord. 2017;5:21.
  • Pusswald G, Auff E, Lehrner J. Development of a brief self-report inventory to measure olfactory dysfunction and quality of life in patients with problems with the sense of smell. Chemosensory Perception. 2012;5(3):292-9.
  • Saatçi Ö, Arıcı Düz Ö, Altundağ A. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the questionnaire for the assessment of self-reported olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life. J Acad Res Med. 2020;10(3):277-82.
  • Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986;5(2):295-315.
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56(3):564-6.
  • Misra S, Kolappa K, Prasad M, Radhakrishnan D, Thakur KT, Solomon T et al. Frequency of neurologic manifestations in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2021;97(23):e2269-e2281.
  • Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251-61.
  • Hannum ME, Ramirez VA, Lipson SJ, Herriman RD, Toskala AK, Lin C et al. Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19-positive patients compared to subjective methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses. 2020;45(9):865-74.
  • Petrocelli M, Cutrupi S, Salzano G, Maglitto F, Salzano F, Lechien J et al. Six-month smell and taste recovery rates in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A prospective psychophysical study. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(5):436-41.
  • Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Petrocelli M, Lechien JR, Soma D, Giovanditto F et al. Do olfactory and gustatory psychophysical scores have prognostic value in COVID-19 patients? A prospective study of 106 patients. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;49(1):56.
  • Pasquini J, Maremmani C, Salvadori S, Silani V, Ticozzi N. Testing olfactory dysfunction in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients: A single center study in Italy. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(6):2183-9.
  • Paolo G. Does COVID-19 cause permanent damage to olfactory and gustatory function? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:110086.
  • Hopkins C, Surda P, Whitehead E, Kumar BN. Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic - an observational cohort study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;49(1):26.
  • Leedman SR, Sheeraz M, Sanfilippo PG, Edgar DW, D'Aulerio GV, Robb DM et al. Olfactory dysfunction at six months after coronavirus disease 2019 infection. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(9):839-43.
  • Mercier J, Osman M, Bouiller K, Tipirdamaz C, Gendrin V, Chirouze C et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19, new insights from a cohort of 353 patients: The ANOSVID study. J Med Virol. 2022;94(10):4762-75.
  • Altundag A, Saatci O, Sanli DET, Duz OA, Sanli AN, Olmuscelik O et al. The temporal course of COVID-19 anosmia and relation to other clinical symptoms. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(6):1891-7.
  • D'Ascanio L, Pandolfini M, Cingolani C, Latini G, Gradoni P, Capalbo M et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: Prevalence and prognosis for recovering sense of smell. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;164(1):82-6.
  • Printza A, Katotomichelakis M, Valsamidis K, Metallidis S, Panagopoulos P, Panopoulou M et al. Smell and taste loss recovery time in COVID-19 patients and disease severity. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):966.
  • Otte MS, Haehner A, Bork ML, Klussmann JP, Luers JC, Hummel T. Impact of COVID-19-mediated olfactory loss on quality of life. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2023;85(1):1-6.
  • Elkholi SMA, Abdelwahab MK, Abdelhafeez M. Impact of the smell loss on the quality of life and adopted coping strategies in COVID-19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(9):3307-14.
  • Saniasiaya J, Prepageran N. Impact of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(11):947-52.
  • Serin E, Koç MC. Examination of the eating behaviours and depression states of the university students who stay at home during the coronavirus pandemic in terms of different variables. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(1):3-43.
  • Baenas I, Etxandi M, Munguía L, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Sánchez I et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown in eating disorders: A multicentre collaborative international study. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):100.
  • Catucci A, Scognamiglio U, Rossi L. Lifestyle changes related to eating habits, physical activity, and weight status during COVID-19 quarantine in Italy and some European countries. Front Nutr. 2021;8:718877.
  • Klump KL, Mikhail ME, Anaya C, Fowler N, Neale M, Keel PK et al. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on disordered eating symptoms in women: a 49-day, daily study before and during the outbreak in the United States. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022;131(7):769-79.
  • Tazeoglu A, Bozdogan FBK, Idiz C. Evaluation of Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Students’ eating behaviors during the quarantine period during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nutr Clín Diet Hosp. 2021;41(2):86-93.
  • Kalkan Uğurlu Y, Mataracı Değirmenci D, Durgun H, Gök Uğur H. The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID-19 social isolation process. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(2):507-16.
  • Çulfa S, Yıldırım E, Bayram B. COVID-19 pandemi süresince insanlarda değişen beslenme alışkanlıkları ile obezite ilişkisi. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;6(1):135-42.

COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 303 - 312, 31.08.2023

Mert Artuk Sibel Tunç Karaman Okcan Basat

https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1318541

Abstract

Amaç: Coronavirüs 2019 hastalığı (COVID-19) iyileşme sonrasında da devam edebilen koku ve tat bozukluklarına sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; COVID-19’un, koku alma fonksiyonu ve koku ile ilişkili yaşam kalitesine (KYK) etkisi ve yeme davranışı ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlandı.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu analitik çalışma; üçüncü basamak bir hastanenin Aile Hekimliği Polikliniği’ne Ocak-Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında başvuran 18 yaş ve üzeri kişilerden, son 2-6 ay içerisinde COVID-19 geçirmiş ve tanı konmuş yeme bozukluğu olmayanlar ile gerçekleştirildi. Verilerin elde edilmesinde; Hasta Bilgi Formu, Koku Alma Fonksiyonu ve Koku İle İlişkili Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (ASOF) ve Hollanda Yeme Davranış Anketi (HYDA) kullanıldı.

Bulgular: Çalışma yaş ortalaması 39.71±13.40 yıl olan 316 kişi ile gerçekleştirildi. ASOF alt boyutlarından alınan ortalama puanlar; bildirilen genel koku alma kapasitesi (BKK) için 9.16±1.47, belirli kokuları algılama kapasitesi (BKA) için 4.66±0.75 ve KYK için 4.70±0.65 idi. Katılımcıların %1.26’sında BKK’da; %3.8’inde BKA’da ve %8.5’inde KYK’da bozulma saptandı. HYDA’dan alınan ortalama puanlar ise; ‘’Duygusal yeme’’ için 32.57±13.16; ‘’Kısıtlayıcı Yeme’’ için 27.60±7.85 ve ‘’Dışsal Yeme’’ için 31.10 ±7.47 idi. ASOF ile HYDA puanları arasında istatistiksel anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı. 4-6 ay önce COVID-19 geçirenlerde BKK, BKA, KYK ve ’Kısıtlayıcı Yeme’’ puanları daha yüksek bulundu (p<0.001; p<0.001; p<0.001; p=0.044 sırasıyla).  

Sonuç: COVID-19 geçirenlerin %1.26’sında anormal koku kapasitesi saptanmış olup, %3.8’inde kokuları algılama kapasitesinde ve %8.5’inde ise KYK’da azalma saptandı. Koku ile ilişkili fonksiyonlar ve KYK hastalığı daha yakın zamanda geçirenlerde daha bozuk idi. Ancak koku alma fonksiyonu ve KYK ile yeme davranışları arasında ise anlamlı ilişki bulunmadı.

Keywords

COVID-19 koku ile ilişkili yaşam kalitesi yeme davranışı

References

  • World Health Organization (WHO). Naming the corona virus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Erişim tarihi: 20.03.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/ novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/ naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Erişim tarihi: 15.03.2023. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/ emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/ question-and-answers-hub
  • Mastrangelo A, Bonato M, Cinque P. Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes. Neurosci Lett. 2021;748:135694.
  • Desai I, Manchanda R, Kumar N, Tiwari A, Kumar M. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019: Exploring past to understand present. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(3):773-85.
  • Klopfenstein T, Kadiane-Oussou NJ, Toko L, Royer PY, Lepiller Q, Gendrin V et al. Features of anosmia in COVID-19. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(5):436-9.
  • Boscolo-Rizzo P, Guida F, Polesel J, Marcuzzo AV, Antonucci P, Capriotti V et al. Self-reported smell and taste recovery in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A one-year prospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(1):515-20.
  • Zhou F, Zhang T, Jin Y, Ma Y, Li Y, Zeng M et al. Unveiling the knowledge domain and emerging trends of olfactory dysfunction with depression or anxiety: A bibliometrics study. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:959936.
  • Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Marin C, Klimek L et al. The loss of smell and taste in the COVID-19 outbreak: A tale of many countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2020;20(10):61.
  • Hay P, Mitchison D, Collado AEL, González-Chica DA, Stocks N, Touyz S. Burden and health-related quality of life of eating disorders, including Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), in the Australian population. J Eat Disord. 2017;5:21.
  • Pusswald G, Auff E, Lehrner J. Development of a brief self-report inventory to measure olfactory dysfunction and quality of life in patients with problems with the sense of smell. Chemosensory Perception. 2012;5(3):292-9.
  • Saatçi Ö, Arıcı Düz Ö, Altundağ A. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the questionnaire for the assessment of self-reported olfactory functioning and olfaction-related quality of life. J Acad Res Med. 2020;10(3):277-82.
  • Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986;5(2):295-315.
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite. 2011;56(3):564-6.
  • Misra S, Kolappa K, Prasad M, Radhakrishnan D, Thakur KT, Solomon T et al. Frequency of neurologic manifestations in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2021;97(23):e2269-e2281.
  • Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(8):2251-61.
  • Hannum ME, Ramirez VA, Lipson SJ, Herriman RD, Toskala AK, Lin C et al. Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19-positive patients compared to subjective methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Senses. 2020;45(9):865-74.
  • Petrocelli M, Cutrupi S, Salzano G, Maglitto F, Salzano F, Lechien J et al. Six-month smell and taste recovery rates in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A prospective psychophysical study. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(5):436-41.
  • Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Petrocelli M, Lechien JR, Soma D, Giovanditto F et al. Do olfactory and gustatory psychophysical scores have prognostic value in COVID-19 patients? A prospective study of 106 patients. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;49(1):56.
  • Pasquini J, Maremmani C, Salvadori S, Silani V, Ticozzi N. Testing olfactory dysfunction in acute and recovered COVID-19 patients: A single center study in Italy. Neurol Sci. 2021;42(6):2183-9.
  • Paolo G. Does COVID-19 cause permanent damage to olfactory and gustatory function? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:110086.
  • Hopkins C, Surda P, Whitehead E, Kumar BN. Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic - an observational cohort study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;49(1):26.
  • Leedman SR, Sheeraz M, Sanfilippo PG, Edgar DW, D'Aulerio GV, Robb DM et al. Olfactory dysfunction at six months after coronavirus disease 2019 infection. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(9):839-43.
  • Mercier J, Osman M, Bouiller K, Tipirdamaz C, Gendrin V, Chirouze C et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19, new insights from a cohort of 353 patients: The ANOSVID study. J Med Virol. 2022;94(10):4762-75.
  • Altundag A, Saatci O, Sanli DET, Duz OA, Sanli AN, Olmuscelik O et al. The temporal course of COVID-19 anosmia and relation to other clinical symptoms. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(6):1891-7.
  • D'Ascanio L, Pandolfini M, Cingolani C, Latini G, Gradoni P, Capalbo M et al. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: Prevalence and prognosis for recovering sense of smell. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;164(1):82-6.
  • Printza A, Katotomichelakis M, Valsamidis K, Metallidis S, Panagopoulos P, Panopoulou M et al. Smell and taste loss recovery time in COVID-19 patients and disease severity. J Clin Med. 2021;10(5):966.
  • Otte MS, Haehner A, Bork ML, Klussmann JP, Luers JC, Hummel T. Impact of COVID-19-mediated olfactory loss on quality of life. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2023;85(1):1-6.
  • Elkholi SMA, Abdelwahab MK, Abdelhafeez M. Impact of the smell loss on the quality of life and adopted coping strategies in COVID-19 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(9):3307-14.
  • Saniasiaya J, Prepageran N. Impact of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A systematic review. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(11):947-52.
  • Serin E, Koç MC. Examination of the eating behaviours and depression states of the university students who stay at home during the coronavirus pandemic in terms of different variables. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(1):3-43.
  • Baenas I, Etxandi M, Munguía L, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Sánchez I et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown in eating disorders: A multicentre collaborative international study. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):100.
  • Catucci A, Scognamiglio U, Rossi L. Lifestyle changes related to eating habits, physical activity, and weight status during COVID-19 quarantine in Italy and some European countries. Front Nutr. 2021;8:718877.
  • Klump KL, Mikhail ME, Anaya C, Fowler N, Neale M, Keel PK et al. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on disordered eating symptoms in women: a 49-day, daily study before and during the outbreak in the United States. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022;131(7):769-79.
  • Tazeoglu A, Bozdogan FBK, Idiz C. Evaluation of Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Students’ eating behaviors during the quarantine period during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Nutr Clín Diet Hosp. 2021;41(2):86-93.
  • Kalkan Uğurlu Y, Mataracı Değirmenci D, Durgun H, Gök Uğur H. The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID-19 social isolation process. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021;57(2):507-16.
  • Çulfa S, Yıldırım E, Bayram B. COVID-19 pandemi süresince insanlarda değişen beslenme alışkanlıkları ile obezite ilişkisi. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;6(1):135-42.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Özgün Araştırma
Authors

Mert Artuk 0000-0002-6066-9967

Sibel Tunç Karaman 0000-0003-1833-8758

Okcan Basat 0000-0002-5222-9136

Publication Date August 31, 2023
Submission Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Artuk, M., Tunç Karaman, S., & Basat, O. (2023). COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1318541
AMA Artuk M, Tunç Karaman S, Basat O. COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. August 2023;25(2):303-312. doi:10.24938/kutfd.1318541
Chicago Artuk, Mert, Sibel Tunç Karaman, and Okcan Basat. “COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25, no. 2 (August 2023): 303-12. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1318541.
EndNote Artuk M, Tunç Karaman S, Basat O (August 1, 2023) COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25 2 303–312.
IEEE M. Artuk, S. Tunç Karaman, and O. Basat, “COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ”, Kırıkkale Uni Med J, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 303–312, 2023, doi: 10.24938/kutfd.1318541.
ISNAD Artuk, Mert et al. “COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 25/2 (August 2023), 303-312. https://doi.org/10.24938/kutfd.1318541.
JAMA Artuk M, Tunç Karaman S, Basat O. COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2023;25:303–312.
MLA Artuk, Mert et al. “COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 2, 2023, pp. 303-12, doi:10.24938/kutfd.1318541.
Vancouver Artuk M, Tunç Karaman S, Basat O. COVID-19’UN KOKU ALMA FONKSİYONU VE KOKU İLE İLİŞKİLİ YAŞAM KALİTESİNE ETKİSİ VE YEME DAVRANIŞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ. Kırıkkale Uni Med J. 2023;25(2):303-12.
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