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Psychosocial Investigation of the Effects of Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık Earthquake (February 6, 2023) on Individuals

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1 - Migration and Crisis, 54 - 77, 09.10.2023

Esin Tüccar Elvan Yavuz

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of the Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık-centred earthquake that took place in 2023 on the psychosocial lives of individuals who experienced the earthquake. For this purpose, some variables have been included in the study such as the level of psychosocial impact of the earthquake, gender, age, marital status, educational status, economic status, whether the house was damaged due to the earthquake, whether there was a loss of family members or close environment, whether there was a psychiatric disorder diagnosed before the earthquake, and the status of receiving psychosocial support after the earthquake. This study is a quantitative research and is in the general survey model. The population of the study consists of earthquake in ten provinces (Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Malatya, Osmaniye, Şanlıurfa). The sample of the study consists of 355 earthquake survivor identified through purposive sampling. In the study, data were collected online and face-to-face by voluntarily travelling to the cities where the earthquake occurred. Through online social media and snowball method, 355 earthquake survivor participated in the study on a voluntary basis. The data were analysed using SPSS 24.0.
In the study, scale scores were calculated and kurtosis and skewness coefficients were analysed to determine the suitability of the scores for normal distribution. The kurtosis and skewness values obtained from the scales between +3 and -3 are considered sufficient for normal distribution (Groeneveld & Meeden, 1984; Moors, 1986; Hopkins & Weeks, 1990; De Carlo, 1997). Analysing the values, it is seen that the kurtosis and skewness coefficients of each score are between -3 and +3. Therefore, it was concluded that the scores were normally distributed. Given the normal distribution of the scores, parametric test techniques were used in the study. T test and ANOVA test were used to analyse the differences in scale scores depending on demographic characteristics. While t test was used in the analysis of demographic variables with 2 groups, ANOVA test was used in the analysis of variables with k (k>2) groups. The demographic information form used in the study was prepared by the researchers and consists of 14 questions. This form includes gender, age, marital status, educational status, economic status, whether they lived in the province where the earthquake occurred, whether the house they lived in was damaged due to the earthquake, whether the earthquake caused the loss of family members and close relatives, and whether they received psychosocial support after the earthquake. In addition to the demographic information form, 'Scale for Determining the Level of Post-Earthquake Trauma' will be used as a measurement tool. This scale consists of 20 items and is five-point Likert type (Tanhan & Kayri, 2013).
The findings show that the majority of the participants were female, between the ages of 41-50 and married, most of the earthquake survivors faced home damage, and most of them experienced losses in their immediate environment. According to the results of the research, the psychosocial reflections of the earthquake on individuals were affected by some variables such as gender, age, marital status, educational status, economic status, losses experienced in family members and immediate environment, and damage to the house due to the earthquake. In terms of gender, it was concluded that women were more affected by the scale for determining the level of post-earthquake trauma and its sub-dimensions (behavioral problems, excitability, cognitive structure) than men. In terms of age, it was concluded that age groups were affected by the scale for determining the level of post-earthquake trauma and its sub-dimensions. Behavioral and sleep problems were found to be higher in individuals aged 30-40 years. In the emotional dimension, the average score is high in individuals aged 51 years and over. In the cognitive aspect, the mean score of those between the ages of 21-29 was found to be high. In terms of marital status, those who were married had higher scores on affect and sleep problems than those who were single and divorced. Those who were married were affected more. Consequently, the scores of the scale and sub-dimensions to determine the level of post-earthquake trauma were found to be high. It is crucial that all professionals in psychosocial support services work together in a multidisciplinary manner for the recovery of individuals.

Keywords

Disaster Earthquake Trauma Psychosocial Effects

References

  • Acharya Pandey, Radha, Pratibha Chalise, Sunita Khadka, Bina Chaulagain, Binu Maharjan, Jyotsna Pandey, Jyoti Nepal, and Chandranshu Pandey. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated factors among survivors of 2015 earthquake in Nepal." BMC psychiatry 23, no. 1 (2023): 1-12.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2010). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Arslanoğlu, Ali, Mustafa Erdoğan, Yalçın Düdükcü, and Serdal KEÇELİ. "Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ne Dayalı Acil Durum Afetlere Bireysel Hazırlık ve Bunları Etkileyen Faktörler." Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6, no. 2: 367-390.
  • Baloğlu, Mustafa, Morag B. Harris, and Cengiz Karagözoğlu. "The Psychological effects of an earthquake on Turkish college students." Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2, no. 2 (2005): 125-136.
  • Bavafa, Amir, Habibolah Khazaie, Behnam Khaledi-Paveh, and Leeba Rezaie. "The relationship of severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality in earthquake survivors in Kermanshah." Journal of injury and violence research 11, no. 2 (2019): 225.
  • Bedirli, Büşra. "Deprem travmasının kronik psikolojik etkileri: Düzce Depremi’nden 14 yıl sonra travma sonrası stres ve depresyon belirtilerinin yaygınlığı ve ilişkili risk faktörleri." Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü Psikoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul (2014).
  • Benjet, Corina, Evelyn Bromet, Elie G. Karam, Ronald C. Kessler, Katie A. McLaughlin, Ayelet M. Ruscio, Vicki Shahly et al. "The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium." Psychological medicine 46, no. 2 (2016): 327-343.
  • Bertinelli, Luisito, Clotilde Mahé, and Eric Strobl. "Earthquakes and mental health." World Development 169 (2023): 106283.
  • Bonanno, George A., Maren Westphal, and Anthony D. Mancini. "Resilience to loss and potential trauma." Annual review of clinical psychology 7 (2011): 511-535.
  • Boztas, Mehmet Hamid, Ahmet Tamer Aker, Kerim Munir, Feyza Çelik, Adem Aydın, Umut Karasu, and Elif Aktan Mutlu. "2011 yılı Van-Erciş depremi sonrası yetişkinlerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu." KLİNİK PSİKİYATRİ DERGİSİ 22, no. 4: 380-388.
  • Chan, Cecilia Lai Wan, Chong‐Wen Wang, Zhiyong Qu, Ben Qibin Lu, Mao‐Sheng Ran, Andy Hau Yan Ho, Yin Yuan, Braven Qiang Zhang, Xiying Wang, and Xiulan Zhang. "Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adult survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China." Journal of traumatic stress 24, no. 3 (2011): 295-302.
  • DeCarlo, Lawrence T. "On the meaning and use of kurtosis." Psychological methods 2, no. 3 (1997): 292.
  • DeWolfe, Deborah J. Training manual for mental health and human service workers in major disasters. US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 2000.
  • Gerstner, Rebekka MF, Fernando Lara-Lara, Eduardo Vasconez, Ginés Viscor, Juan D. Jarrin, and Esteban Ortiz-Prado. "Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador." BMC psychiatry 20, no. 1 (2020): 1-9.
  • Groeneveld, Richard A., and Glen Meeden. "Measuring skewness and kurtosis." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D: The Statistician 33, no. 4 (1984): 391-399.
  • Gülmez, E. (2022). 2020 Elazığ Depremi Sonrası, Depremzedelerde Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu ve Eşlik Eden Psikiyatrik Hastalıkların Yaygınlığının Araştırılması. Uzmanlık Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ.
  • Güven, Kübra. "Marmara depremini yaşayan yetişkinlerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyleri ile travma sonrası gelişim ve depresyon arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi." Master's thesis, Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010.
  • Hopkins, Kenneth D., and Douglas L. Weeks. "Tests for normality and measures of skewness and kurtosis: Their place in research reporting." Educational and psychological measurement 50, no. 4 (1990): 717-729.
  • Johannesson, Kerstin Bergh, Tom Lundin, Christina M. Hultman, Thomas Fröjd, and Per‐Olof Michel. "Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami." Journal of traumatic stress 24, no. 4 (2011): 456-464.
  • KADIOĞLU, Mikdat. "Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri." Afet Zararlarini Azaltmanin Temel İlkelerİ (2008): 1.
  • Kaya, Ahmet, Banu Moçoşoğlu, and Halil İbrahim Sevim. "Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ne dayalı olarak öğretmenler ve okul yöneticilerinin salgına yönelik bireysel hazırlık algılarının incelenmesi." OPUS International Journal of Society Researches 18, no. 40 (2021): 2345-2374.
  • Kobari, Eri, Kenichi Tanaka, Masanori Nagao, Kanako Okazaki, Fumikazu Hayashi, Sakumi Kazama, Tetsuya Ohira et al. "Impact of lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the onset of hypertension after the Great East Japan earthquake: a 7-year follow-up of the Fukushima Health Management Survey." Hypertension research 45, no. 10 (2022): 1609-1621.
  • Kun, P., X. Chen, S. Han, X. Gong, Mei Chen, W. Zhang, and L. Yao. "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake." Public health 123, no. 11 (2009): 703-707.
  • Liu, Yan, Ying Zhang, Asuna Arai, Yoshihide Obayashi, and Hiko Tamashiro. "Gender-based seasonality of suicide in Japan, 2005-2012." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27, no. 2 (2015): NP1999-NP2007.
  • Moors, Johannes J. A. "The meaning of kurtosis: Darlington reexamined." The American Statistician 40, no. 4 (1986): 283-284.
  • Naeem, Farooq, Muhammad Ayub, Khadija Masood, Huma Gul, Mahwish Khalid, Ammara Farrukh, Aisha Shaheen, Waquas Waheed, and Haroon Rasheed Chaudhry. "Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan." Journal of affective disorders 130, no. 1-2 (2011): 268-274.
  • Norenzayan, Ara, and Albert Lee. "It was meant to happen: explaining cultural variations in fate attributions." Journal of personality and social psychology 98, no. 5 (2010): 702.
  • Norris, Fran H., Matthew J. Friedman, Patricia J. Watson, Christopher M. Byrne, Eolia Diaz, and Krzysztof Kaniasty. "60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981—2001." Psychiatry 65, no. 3 (2002): 207-239.
  • NZMH (2016). Framework for Psychosocial Support in Emergencies, Wellington, Yeni Zelanda: Sağlık Bakanlığı [New Zealand Ministry of Health (NZMH)]. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/framework-psychosocial-support-emergencies-dec16-v2.pdf Erişim Tarihi:19.09.2023
  • Pan American Health Organization [PAHO] (2012). Mental health and psychosocial support in disaster situations in the Caribbean. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC: PAHO.
  • Salcioglu, Ebru, Metin Basoglu, and Maria Livanou. "Post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey." Disasters 31, no. 2 (2007): 115-129.
  • Sezgin, Ufuk, and Raija-Leena Punamäki. "Earthquake trauma and causal explanation associating with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders among South East Anatolian women." Journal of affective disorders 141, no. 2-3 (2012): 432-440.
  • T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Aile ve Toplum Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/goc-afet-ve-acil-durumlarda-psikososyal-destek/psi-kososyal-destek-nedi-r.pdf Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2023
  • TANAKA, MARI, and AKIKO TAKAHARA. "Psychosocial effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake on persons with disabilities." The Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology 46, no. 1 (2021): 25-37.
  • Tanhan, Fuat, and Murat Kayri. "Deprem sonrası travma düzeyini belirleme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması." Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 13, no. 2 (2013): 1013-1025.
  • TAŞÇI, Gülay AKÇA, and Filiz Özsoy. "Deprem travmasının erken dönem psikolojik etkileri ve olası risk faktörleri." Cukurova Medical Journal 46, no. 2 (2021): 488-494.
  • Tuncay, T., and H. H. Tekin. "Sosyal hizmet mesleğinin ABC’si." Ankara: Nika (2021).
  • Tüccar, E. “Geride Kalanların Psikolojisi.” İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi. (2023).
  • Uğuz, Şükrü, B. Aydın Levent, Levent Soylu, Özgür KOCABAŞ, and Saim DEMİRCİ. "Adana-Ceyhan depreminden sonra ortaya çıkan akut stres bozukluğunun araştırılması." Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 3, no. Supp: 3 (98): 16-20.
  • Woersching, J. C., & Snyder, A. E. “Earthquakes in El Salvador: a descriptive study of health concerns in a rural community and the clinical implications: Part III–mental health and psychosocial effects.” Disaster Management & Response, 2(2), (2004). 40-45.
  • Yildiz, Mustafa, and MELTEM NAZ KURUOGLU GÖKER. "Psychiatric comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder among people seeking treatment after the Marmara earthquake." International Journal of Mental Health 33, no. 1 (2004): 59-66.
  • Yorbik, Ozgür, Derya Iren Akbiyik, Pinar Kirmizigul, and Teoman Söhmen. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children after the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey." International Journal of Mental Health 33, no. 1 (2004): 46-58.

Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık Depreminin (6 Şubat 2023) Bireyler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Psikososyal Yönden İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1 - Migration and Crisis, 54 - 77, 09.10.2023

Esin Tüccar Elvan Yavuz

Abstract

Bu çalışmada 2023 yılında Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık merkezli depremi yaşayan bireylerin psikososyal yaşamlarına etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Nicel bir araştırma olarak planlanan bu çalışmada amaçsal örneklem yoluyla 355 deprem yaşayan bireye, deprem bölgesinde yapılan ziyaretlerle rastgele ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma, çevrimiçi ve yüz yüze görüşmeler sonucu elde edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak demografik bilgi formuna ek olarak depremzede bireylerin psikososyal durumunu belirlemek amacıyla 20 maddeden oluşan “Deprem Sonrası Travma Düzeyini Belirleme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen verilere göre katılımcıların çoğunluğu kadın, 41-50 yaş arasında ve evlidir; pek çok depremzedenin evi hasarlıdır ve çoğu yakın çevresinden kayıp yaşamıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre, depremin bireyler üzerindeki psikososyal yansımaları cinsiyet, yaş medeni durum, eğitim durumu, ekonomik durum, aile üyelerinde ve yakın çevrede yaşanan kayıplar, depremden dolayı evin hasar alma durumu gibi bazı değişkenlerden etkilenmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada, deprem sonrası travma düzeyini belirleme ölçeği ve alt boyut puanları yüksek bulunmuş olup; bireylerin depremden psikososyal açıdan etkilendiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Afet Deprem Travma Psikososyaletkiler

References

  • Acharya Pandey, Radha, Pratibha Chalise, Sunita Khadka, Bina Chaulagain, Binu Maharjan, Jyotsna Pandey, Jyoti Nepal, and Chandranshu Pandey. "Post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated factors among survivors of 2015 earthquake in Nepal." BMC psychiatry 23, no. 1 (2023): 1-12.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2010). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
  • Arslanoğlu, Ali, Mustafa Erdoğan, Yalçın Düdükcü, and Serdal KEÇELİ. "Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ne Dayalı Acil Durum Afetlere Bireysel Hazırlık ve Bunları Etkileyen Faktörler." Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6, no. 2: 367-390.
  • Baloğlu, Mustafa, Morag B. Harris, and Cengiz Karagözoğlu. "The Psychological effects of an earthquake on Turkish college students." Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2, no. 2 (2005): 125-136.
  • Bavafa, Amir, Habibolah Khazaie, Behnam Khaledi-Paveh, and Leeba Rezaie. "The relationship of severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with sleep quality in earthquake survivors in Kermanshah." Journal of injury and violence research 11, no. 2 (2019): 225.
  • Bedirli, Büşra. "Deprem travmasının kronik psikolojik etkileri: Düzce Depremi’nden 14 yıl sonra travma sonrası stres ve depresyon belirtilerinin yaygınlığı ve ilişkili risk faktörleri." Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü Psikoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul (2014).
  • Benjet, Corina, Evelyn Bromet, Elie G. Karam, Ronald C. Kessler, Katie A. McLaughlin, Ayelet M. Ruscio, Vicki Shahly et al. "The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium." Psychological medicine 46, no. 2 (2016): 327-343.
  • Bertinelli, Luisito, Clotilde Mahé, and Eric Strobl. "Earthquakes and mental health." World Development 169 (2023): 106283.
  • Bonanno, George A., Maren Westphal, and Anthony D. Mancini. "Resilience to loss and potential trauma." Annual review of clinical psychology 7 (2011): 511-535.
  • Boztas, Mehmet Hamid, Ahmet Tamer Aker, Kerim Munir, Feyza Çelik, Adem Aydın, Umut Karasu, and Elif Aktan Mutlu. "2011 yılı Van-Erciş depremi sonrası yetişkinlerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu." KLİNİK PSİKİYATRİ DERGİSİ 22, no. 4: 380-388.
  • Chan, Cecilia Lai Wan, Chong‐Wen Wang, Zhiyong Qu, Ben Qibin Lu, Mao‐Sheng Ran, Andy Hau Yan Ho, Yin Yuan, Braven Qiang Zhang, Xiying Wang, and Xiulan Zhang. "Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adult survivors of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China." Journal of traumatic stress 24, no. 3 (2011): 295-302.
  • DeCarlo, Lawrence T. "On the meaning and use of kurtosis." Psychological methods 2, no. 3 (1997): 292.
  • DeWolfe, Deborah J. Training manual for mental health and human service workers in major disasters. US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, 2000.
  • Gerstner, Rebekka MF, Fernando Lara-Lara, Eduardo Vasconez, Ginés Viscor, Juan D. Jarrin, and Esteban Ortiz-Prado. "Earthquake-related stressors associated with suicidality, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress in adolescents from Muisne after the earthquake 2016 in Ecuador." BMC psychiatry 20, no. 1 (2020): 1-9.
  • Groeneveld, Richard A., and Glen Meeden. "Measuring skewness and kurtosis." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D: The Statistician 33, no. 4 (1984): 391-399.
  • Gülmez, E. (2022). 2020 Elazığ Depremi Sonrası, Depremzedelerde Posttravmatik Stres Bozukluğu ve Eşlik Eden Psikiyatrik Hastalıkların Yaygınlığının Araştırılması. Uzmanlık Tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ.
  • Güven, Kübra. "Marmara depremini yaşayan yetişkinlerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyleri ile travma sonrası gelişim ve depresyon arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi." Master's thesis, Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010.
  • Hopkins, Kenneth D., and Douglas L. Weeks. "Tests for normality and measures of skewness and kurtosis: Their place in research reporting." Educational and psychological measurement 50, no. 4 (1990): 717-729.
  • Johannesson, Kerstin Bergh, Tom Lundin, Christina M. Hultman, Thomas Fröjd, and Per‐Olof Michel. "Prolonged grief among traumatically bereaved relatives exposed and not exposed to a tsunami." Journal of traumatic stress 24, no. 4 (2011): 456-464.
  • KADIOĞLU, Mikdat. "Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri." Afet Zararlarini Azaltmanin Temel İlkelerİ (2008): 1.
  • Kaya, Ahmet, Banu Moçoşoğlu, and Halil İbrahim Sevim. "Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ne dayalı olarak öğretmenler ve okul yöneticilerinin salgına yönelik bireysel hazırlık algılarının incelenmesi." OPUS International Journal of Society Researches 18, no. 40 (2021): 2345-2374.
  • Kobari, Eri, Kenichi Tanaka, Masanori Nagao, Kanako Okazaki, Fumikazu Hayashi, Sakumi Kazama, Tetsuya Ohira et al. "Impact of lifestyle and psychosocial factors on the onset of hypertension after the Great East Japan earthquake: a 7-year follow-up of the Fukushima Health Management Survey." Hypertension research 45, no. 10 (2022): 1609-1621.
  • Kun, P., X. Chen, S. Han, X. Gong, Mei Chen, W. Zhang, and L. Yao. "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake." Public health 123, no. 11 (2009): 703-707.
  • Liu, Yan, Ying Zhang, Asuna Arai, Yoshihide Obayashi, and Hiko Tamashiro. "Gender-based seasonality of suicide in Japan, 2005-2012." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27, no. 2 (2015): NP1999-NP2007.
  • Moors, Johannes J. A. "The meaning of kurtosis: Darlington reexamined." The American Statistician 40, no. 4 (1986): 283-284.
  • Naeem, Farooq, Muhammad Ayub, Khadija Masood, Huma Gul, Mahwish Khalid, Ammara Farrukh, Aisha Shaheen, Waquas Waheed, and Haroon Rasheed Chaudhry. "Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18 months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan." Journal of affective disorders 130, no. 1-2 (2011): 268-274.
  • Norenzayan, Ara, and Albert Lee. "It was meant to happen: explaining cultural variations in fate attributions." Journal of personality and social psychology 98, no. 5 (2010): 702.
  • Norris, Fran H., Matthew J. Friedman, Patricia J. Watson, Christopher M. Byrne, Eolia Diaz, and Krzysztof Kaniasty. "60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981—2001." Psychiatry 65, no. 3 (2002): 207-239.
  • NZMH (2016). Framework for Psychosocial Support in Emergencies, Wellington, Yeni Zelanda: Sağlık Bakanlığı [New Zealand Ministry of Health (NZMH)]. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/framework-psychosocial-support-emergencies-dec16-v2.pdf Erişim Tarihi:19.09.2023
  • Pan American Health Organization [PAHO] (2012). Mental health and psychosocial support in disaster situations in the Caribbean. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC: PAHO.
  • Salcioglu, Ebru, Metin Basoglu, and Maria Livanou. "Post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey." Disasters 31, no. 2 (2007): 115-129.
  • Sezgin, Ufuk, and Raija-Leena Punamäki. "Earthquake trauma and causal explanation associating with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders among South East Anatolian women." Journal of affective disorders 141, no. 2-3 (2012): 432-440.
  • T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı, Aile ve Toplum Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/goc-afet-ve-acil-durumlarda-psikososyal-destek/psi-kososyal-destek-nedi-r.pdf Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2023
  • TANAKA, MARI, and AKIKO TAKAHARA. "Psychosocial effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake on persons with disabilities." The Journal of Rehabilitation Psychology 46, no. 1 (2021): 25-37.
  • Tanhan, Fuat, and Murat Kayri. "Deprem sonrası travma düzeyini belirleme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması." Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 13, no. 2 (2013): 1013-1025.
  • TAŞÇI, Gülay AKÇA, and Filiz Özsoy. "Deprem travmasının erken dönem psikolojik etkileri ve olası risk faktörleri." Cukurova Medical Journal 46, no. 2 (2021): 488-494.
  • Tuncay, T., and H. H. Tekin. "Sosyal hizmet mesleğinin ABC’si." Ankara: Nika (2021).
  • Tüccar, E. “Geride Kalanların Psikolojisi.” İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi. (2023).
  • Uğuz, Şükrü, B. Aydın Levent, Levent Soylu, Özgür KOCABAŞ, and Saim DEMİRCİ. "Adana-Ceyhan depreminden sonra ortaya çıkan akut stres bozukluğunun araştırılması." Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 3, no. Supp: 3 (98): 16-20.
  • Woersching, J. C., & Snyder, A. E. “Earthquakes in El Salvador: a descriptive study of health concerns in a rural community and the clinical implications: Part III–mental health and psychosocial effects.” Disaster Management & Response, 2(2), (2004). 40-45.
  • Yildiz, Mustafa, and MELTEM NAZ KURUOGLU GÖKER. "Psychiatric comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder among people seeking treatment after the Marmara earthquake." International Journal of Mental Health 33, no. 1 (2004): 59-66.
  • Yorbik, Ozgür, Derya Iren Akbiyik, Pinar Kirmizigul, and Teoman Söhmen. "Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children after the 1999 Marmara earthquake in Turkey." International Journal of Mental Health 33, no. 1 (2004): 46-58.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esin Tüccar 0000-0002-8349-6042

Elvan Yavuz 0000-0002-9004-4060

Early Pub Date September 29, 2023
Publication Date October 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 1 - Migration and Crisis

Cite

APA Tüccar, E., & Yavuz, E. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık Depreminin (6 Şubat 2023) Bireyler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Psikososyal Yönden İncelenmesi. Journal of Migration and Political Studies, 1(1), 54-77.
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