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COVID-19 REINFECTION: DOES IT MATTER?

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 263 - 269, 24.10.2023

Emine Füsun Karaşahin Ömer Karaşahin Mehtap Hülya Aslan

https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2023-1252949

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to present the descriptive findings of 65 patients evaluated as clinical COVID-19 reinfection.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of COVID-19 reinfection cases recorded by the provincial health directorate. The time between infections (days), whether the patient was hospitalized, symptoms at the time of both positive tests, presence of risky contact, occupation, lung imaging results, laboratory findings, and RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values were recorded. Results were expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]) or median (interquartile range [IQR]), and categorical variables were expressed as frequency (percentage).
Results: The mean time between infections was 124.9 (SD 39.7) days and the median was 117 (IQR 96-143.5) days. Reinfection occurred after 45 to 89 days in 10 patients (15.4%) and after 90 days or more in 55 patients. The shortest time to reinfection was 60 days and the longest time was 272 days. The median Ct value was 24.5 (IQR 22-26.5) among patients reinfected after 45 to 89 days and 28 (IQR 25-32) among those reinfected after at least 90 days.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the frequency of COVID-19 reinfection is higher than predicted. The complex algorithms recommended by international health institutions make it difficult to detect these cases. However, rapid identification of these patients is essential to prevent new infections and control the pandemic.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemics reinfection

Project Number

Yok

References

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  • 9. Korean Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Division of Risk assessment and International cooperation. Findings from investigation and analysis of re-positive cases. [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https:// www.cdc.go.kr/board/board. es?mid=a30402000000&bid=0030. google scholar
  • 10. Prado-Vivar B, Becerra-Wong M, Guadalupe JJ, Mârquez S, Gutierrez B, Rojas-Silva P, et al. A case of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Ecuador. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21(6):e142. google scholar
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  • 12. Lee J-S, Kim SY, Kim TS, Hong KH, Ryoo N-H, Lee J, et al. Evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfection after recovery from mild coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(9):e3002-8. google scholar
  • 13. Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21(1):52-8. google scholar
  • 14. Van Elslande J, Vermeersch P, Vandervoort K, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Vanmechelen B, Wollants E, et al. Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(2):354-6. google scholar
  • 15. To KK-W, Hung IF-N, Ip JD, Chu AW-H, Chan W-M, Tam AR, et al. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2020;1-21. 2021;73(9):e2946-51 google scholar
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  • 17. Ozaras R, Ozdogru I, Yilmaz A. Coronavirus disease 2019 re-infection: first report from Turkey. New Microbes New Infect 2020;38:100774. google scholar
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  • 20. Mulder M, van der Vegt DS, Munnink BBO, GeurtsvanKessel CH, van de Bovenkamp J, Sikkema RS, et al. Reinfection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Case Report. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(9):e2841-2. google scholar
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  • 22. Schwarzkopf S, Krawczyk A, Knop D, Klump H, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, et al. Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-confirmed infection but with undetectable SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27(1):122-9. google scholar
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  • 25. Gudbjartsson DF, Norddahl GL, Melsted P, Gunnarsdottir K, Holm H, Eythorsson E, et al. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland. N Engl J Med 2020;383(18):1724-34. google scholar
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COVID-19 RE-ENFEKSİYONU: ÖNEMLİ Mİ?

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 263 - 269, 24.10.2023

Emine Füsun Karaşahin Ömer Karaşahin Mehtap Hülya Aslan

https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2023-1252949

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada amacımız klinik re-enfeksiyon olarak tanımlanan 65 hastanın tanımlayıcı bulgularını sunmaktır.
Gereç-Yöntem: İl sağlık müdürlüğü tarafından kaydı tutulan re-enfeksiyon vakalarının retrospektif dosya taraması yapılmıştır. İki enfeksiyon arasında geçen süre (gün), hastane yatışı olup olmadığı, vakaların her bir pozitif test sonucu dönemindeki şikayetleri, riskli temas durumları, sağlık çalışanı olup olmadıkları, varsa akciğer görüntülemesi sonuçları, laboratuvar bulguları ve RT-PCR Ct değerleri kaydedilmiştir. Bulgular ortalama±standart sapma, ortanca (çeyrekler arası değer - IQR), kategorik değişkenler frekans (yüzde) olarak sunulmuştur.
Bulgular: İki enfeksiyon arasında geçen ortalama süre 124,9±39,7 gün ve ortanca ise 117 (IQR 96 – 143,5) gündü. 10 (15,4%) kişide 45-89 gün, 55 kişide 90 gün veya daha uzun süre sonra re-enfeksiyon görüldü. Tespit edilen en kısa süre 60 gün ve en uzun süre ise 272 gündü. 45-89 gün arası sürede re-enfekte olanların ortanca Ct değeri 24,5 (22-26,5), ≥90 gün sonra re-enfekte olanların ortanca Ct değeri 28 (25-32) idi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma ile COVID-19 re-enfeksiyon sıklığının tahmin edildiğinden daha yüksek olduğu gösterilmiştir. Uluslararası sağlık kuruluşları tarafından önerilen kompleks algoritmalar bu vakaların tespiti zorlaştırmaktadır. Ancak pandemi mücadelesi sırasında elzem olan husus vakaları çok hızlı tespit ederek yeni bulaşların olmasını önlemektir.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemi re-enfeksiyon

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

  • 1. Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Meşe EA. COVID-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 2020;50(SI-1):489-94. google scholar
  • 2. World Health Organization (2020). Novel Coronavirus - China. [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/. google scholar
  • 3. World Health Organization (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/ detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-March-2020. google scholar
  • 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Investigative Criteria for Suspected Cases of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection (ICR). [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/invest-criteria.html#:~:text=Since%20 August%202020%2C%20CDC%20has,Isolation%20and%20 Precautions%20for%20Adults. google scholar
  • 5. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2020). Reinfection with SARS-CoV: considerations for public health response: ECDC; 2020. [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https://www. ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Re-infection-and-viral-shedding-threat-assessment-brief.pdf. google scholar
  • 6. Yahav D, Yelin D, Eckerle I, Eberhardt CS, Wang J, Cao B, et al. Definitions for COVID-19 reinfection, relapse and PCR re-positivity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(3):315-8. google scholar
  • 7. Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, Maraolo AE, Schafers J, Ho A. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 2021;2(1):e13-22. google scholar
  • 8. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10229):1054-62. google scholar
  • 9. Korean Center For Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Division of Risk assessment and International cooperation. Findings from investigation and analysis of re-positive cases. [Online cited 14/02/2021]. https:// www.cdc.go.kr/board/board. es?mid=a30402000000&bid=0030. google scholar
  • 10. Prado-Vivar B, Becerra-Wong M, Guadalupe JJ, Mârquez S, Gutierrez B, Rojas-Silva P, et al. A case of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Ecuador. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21(6):e142. google scholar
  • 11. Larson D, Brodniak SL, Voegtly LJ, Cer RZ, Glang LA, Malagon FJ, et al. A Case of Early Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Clin Infect Dis 73(9):e2827-8. google scholar
  • 12. Lee J-S, Kim SY, Kim TS, Hong KH, Ryoo N-H, Lee J, et al. Evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reinfection after recovery from mild coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(9):e3002-8. google scholar
  • 13. Tillett RL, Sevinsky JR, Hartley PD, Kerwin H, Crawford N, Gorzalski A, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021;21(1):52-8. google scholar
  • 14. Van Elslande J, Vermeersch P, Vandervoort K, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Vanmechelen B, Wollants E, et al. Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection by a phylogenetically distinct strain. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(2):354-6. google scholar
  • 15. To KK-W, Hung IF-N, Ip JD, Chu AW-H, Chan W-M, Tam AR, et al. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2020;1-21. 2021;73(9):e2946-51 google scholar
  • 16. West J, Everden S, Nikitas N. A case of COVID-19 reinfection in the UK. Clin Med (Lond) 2021;21(1):e52-3. google scholar
  • 17. Ozaras R, Ozdogru I, Yilmaz A. Coronavirus disease 2019 re-infection: first report from Turkey. New Microbes New Infect 2020;38:100774. google scholar
  • 18. Türköz İ, Tüz MA, Gencer E, Aygün-Kaş FÖ, Yıldırmak T. A clinical and laboratory-defined case of COVID-19 reinfection. Klimik Derg 2020;33(3):314-6. google scholar
  • 19. Turkish Ministry of Health (2020). Temaslı Takibi, Salgın Yönetimi, Evde Hasta İzlemi Ve Filyasyon. Contact Tracing, Pandemic Management, Outpatient Monitoring and Filiation (Online cited:14.02.2021). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/tr. Turkish. google scholar
  • 20. Mulder M, van der Vegt DS, Munnink BBO, GeurtsvanKessel CH, van de Bovenkamp J, Sikkema RS, et al. Reinfection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Case Report. Clin Infect Dis 2021;73(9):e2841-2. google scholar
  • 21. Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, van Schalkwyk MC, Shrotri M, Leeman D, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review. PloS one 2020;15(12):e0244126. google scholar
  • 22. Schwarzkopf S, Krawczyk A, Knop D, Klump H, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, et al. Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-confirmed infection but with undetectable SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG. Emerg Infect Dis 2021;27(1):122-9. google scholar
  • 23. Long Q-X, Tang X-J, Shi Q-L, Li Q, Deng H-J, Yuan J, et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Med 2020;26:1200-4 google scholar
  • 24. Seow J, Graham C, Merrick B, Acors S, Pickering S, Steel KJ, et al. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Nat Microbiol 2020;5(12):1598-607. google scholar
  • 25. Gudbjartsson DF, Norddahl GL, Melsted P, Gunnarsdottir K, Holm H, Eythorsson E, et al. Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland. N Engl J Med 2020;383(18):1724-34. google scholar
  • 26. Chen S, Ren L-Z, Ouyang H-S, Liu S, Zhang L-Y. Necessary problems in re-emergence of COVID-19. World J Clin Cases 2021;9(1):1-7. google scholar
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emine Füsun Karaşahin 0000-0003-4145-8117

Ömer Karaşahin 0000-0002-4245-1534

Mehtap Hülya Aslan 0000-0002-8455-5120

Project Number Yok
Publication Date October 24, 2023
Submission Date February 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

MLA Karaşahin, Emine Füsun et al. “COVID-19 REINFECTION: DOES IT MATTER?”. Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 3, 2023, pp. 263-9, doi:10.26650/JARHS2023-1252949.
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