Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the perception of dyspnea and fatigue in smoker and non-smoker subjects who at the same age group.
Material-Method: Seventy-two smokers (mean age 33.71±11.09 years), ninety-nine non-smoker subjects (mean age 30.70±12.43 years) and totally 171 subjects were included the study. Gender, age, weight, height and body mass index of subjects were choosen as similarly because these demographical characters may affect dyspnea and fatigue of subjects. The severity of dyspnea and fatigue were evaluated via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Dyspnea severity was examined in four different situations as night, day, rest and activity. Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Smoking duration in smoker group was determined as 14.1 pack years. Dyspnea severity in non-smoker group during night, day, rest and activity was 0.38, 0.44, 0.38 and 1.19 respectively. Perceived fatigue was found as 2.53. It was observed that in smoker group these values were 1.60, 1.23, 1.21 ve 2.94 respectively. Perceived fatigue was found as 3.47. When compare the groups it was determined to be statistically significant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that smoking causes to dyspnea and fatigue in young and adult individuals. However, such symptoms may be ignored or overlooked in this age group. Raising smoking cessation programs and public awareness is very important for the recognition and prevention of these symptoms which can result in chronic diseases. In addition, the scope of protection and improving health efforts, it is thought to be effective that individuals to be redirected to activities such as sports or social activities for preventing start to smoke and smoking cessation.
Keywords
References
- Thow MK. Exercise leadership in cardiac rehabilitation. Chichester: Whurr Publishers Limited; 2006: 26, 33.
- Chen J, Qi Y, Wampfler J, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on quality of life in small cell lung cancer patients. EJC 2012; 48(11): 1593-1601.
- Lee C, Chang W. The effects of cigarette smoking on aerobic and anaerobic capacity and heart rate variability among female university students. Int J Women’s Health 2013; 5(1): 667-679.
- Porter S. Tidy’s Fizyoterapi (Çev. Yakut E, Kayıhan H). Ankara: Pelikan Tıp ve Teknik Kitapçılık Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2008: 292-302.
- Güneş YÜ, Kara D, Erbağcı A. Dispne yakınması olan hastalarda farklı dispne ölçeklerinin karşılaştırılması. DEUHYO ED 2012; 5(2): 65-71.
- Houglum PA. Therapeutic exercise for musculoskeletal injuries. 3rd ed. United States: Human Kinetics; 2010.
- Stridsman C, Lindberg A, Skär L. Fatigue in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study of people’s experiences. Scand J Caring Sci 2014; 28(1): 130-138.
- An L, Berg C, Klatt C, Perry C, et al. Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11(2): 126-133.
- Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1992; 69: 763-767.
- Mahler DA, Horowitz MB. Clinical evaluation of exertional dyspnea. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15(2): 259-269.
- Ünsal D, Aksu A, Bağrıaçık Ü, Akmansu M. Postmastektomi radyoterapi uygulanan meme kanserli olgularda gelişen yorgunluğun derecesi, serum sitokin ve leptin düzeyleri ile ilişkisi: Prospektif değerlendirme, Turk Onkol Derg 2007; 22(1): 1-12.
- Belmont A, Agar N, Azouvi P. Subjective fatigue, mental effort and attention deficits after severe traumatic brain injury, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23(9): 939-944.
- Derman O, Kanbur NÖ, Akgül S, eds. Adolescent Health. Ankara: Aydoğdu Ofset, 2012: 167-80.
- Fidaner H. Kronik yorgunluk sendromu. Klin Psikiyatr 1999; 2: 261-265.
- ter Wolbeek M., van Doornen LJ, Schedlowsk M, et al. Glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune cells in severely fatigued adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Psyneuen 2008; 33(3): 375-385.
- Roberts AD, Wessely S, Chalder T, et al. Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184(2): 136-141.
- Argacha JF, Xhaet O, Gujic M, et al. Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. J Hypertens 2008; 26(2): 284-294.
- Szereda-Przestaszewska M, Kopczynska B, Kaczynska K, et al. Diverging respiratory effects of serotonin and nicotine in vagotomised cats prior to and after section of carotid sinus nerves. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001; 52: 71-79.
- Lee LY, Morton RF, Frazier DT. Influence of nicotine in cigarette smoke on acute ventilatory responses in awake dogs. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 229-236.
- Kaelin WG, Jr., Ratcliffe PJ. Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway. Mol Cell 2008; 30: 393-402.
- Saygılı S, Akıncı AÇ, Arıkan H, Dereli E. Sleeping quality and fatigue among university students. Ejovoc 2011; 1(1): 88-94.
- Corwin EJ, Klein LC, Rickelman K. Predictors of fatigue in healthy young adults: moderating effects of cigarette smoking and gender. Biol Res Nurs 2002; 3: 222-233.
- Akgun N. Exercise Physiology, 4. Baskı, 1.Cilt, GSGM Yayın No:113, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1992; 219.
- Mannino DM, Gagnon RC, Petty TL, Lydick E. Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11): 1683–1689.
- Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet 2007; 370: 741- 750.
- Hill K, Goldstein RS, Guyatt GH, et al. Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care. CMAJ 2010; 182: 673-678.
- Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2006; 129: 536-544.
- Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M,et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality inchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006; 61: 772-778.
- Murtagh EM, Boreham CA, Nevill A, et al. The effects of 60 minutes of brisk walking per week, accumulated in two different patterns, on cardiovascular risk. Prev Med 2005; 41: 92–97.
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı aynı yaş grubundaki sigara içen ve içmeyen bireylerde dispne ve yorgunluk algısını karşılaştırmaktı.
Materyal-Metod: Çalışmaya sigara içen 72 (yaş ortalaması 33.71±11.09 yıl) içmeyen 99 (yaş ortalaması 30.70±12.43 yıl) olmak üzere toplam 171 olgu dahil edildi. Olguların dispne ve yorgunluklarını etkileyebilecek cinsiyet, yaş, kilo, boy ve Vücut Kitle İndeksleri (VKİ) kaydedildi. Algılanan dispne ve yorgunluk şiddeti Görsel Analog Skala (GAS) ile değerlendirildi. Dispne gece, gündüz, istirahat ve aktivite olmak üzere 4 farklı durumda sorgulandı. İstatistiksel analiz için Mann-Whitney U testi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Sigara içen grupta sigara kullanım süresi 14.1 paket/yıl olarak belirlendi. Sigara içmeyen grupta gece, gündüz, istirahat ve aktivite sırasında dispne şiddeti sırası ile 0.38, 0.44, 0.38 ve 1.19 idi. Algılanan yorgunluk ise 2.53 olarak bulundu. Sigara içen grupta ise bu değerler sırasıyla 1.60, 1.23, 1.21 ve 2.94 olduğu gözlendi. Algılanan yorgunluk değeri 3.47 olarak bulundu. Gruplara ait veriler karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu belirlendi (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Bu çalışmada sigara içmenin genç yetişkin bireylerde dispne ve yorgunluğa neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak böyle semptomlar bu yaş gruplarında gözden kaçmakta ve önemsenmemektedir. Kronik hastalıklarla sonuçlanabilen bu semptomların fark edilmesi ve engellenebilmesi için toplumun bilinçlendirilmesi ve sigara bırakma çalışmalarının yapılması çok önemlidir. Ayrıca sağlığı koruma ve geliştirme çalışmaları kapsamında sigaraya başlamanın engellenmesi veya bırakılması için bireylerin sportif ve sosyal aktivite gibi faaliyetlere yönlendirilmesinin etkili olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Thow MK. Exercise leadership in cardiac rehabilitation. Chichester: Whurr Publishers Limited; 2006: 26, 33.
- Chen J, Qi Y, Wampfler J, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on quality of life in small cell lung cancer patients. EJC 2012; 48(11): 1593-1601.
- Lee C, Chang W. The effects of cigarette smoking on aerobic and anaerobic capacity and heart rate variability among female university students. Int J Women’s Health 2013; 5(1): 667-679.
- Porter S. Tidy’s Fizyoterapi (Çev. Yakut E, Kayıhan H). Ankara: Pelikan Tıp ve Teknik Kitapçılık Tic. Ltd. Şti.; 2008: 292-302.
- Güneş YÜ, Kara D, Erbağcı A. Dispne yakınması olan hastalarda farklı dispne ölçeklerinin karşılaştırılması. DEUHYO ED 2012; 5(2): 65-71.
- Houglum PA. Therapeutic exercise for musculoskeletal injuries. 3rd ed. United States: Human Kinetics; 2010.
- Stridsman C, Lindberg A, Skär L. Fatigue in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study of people’s experiences. Scand J Caring Sci 2014; 28(1): 130-138.
- An L, Berg C, Klatt C, Perry C, et al. Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009;11(2): 126-133.
- Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1992; 69: 763-767.
- Mahler DA, Horowitz MB. Clinical evaluation of exertional dyspnea. Clin Chest Med 1994; 15(2): 259-269.
- Ünsal D, Aksu A, Bağrıaçık Ü, Akmansu M. Postmastektomi radyoterapi uygulanan meme kanserli olgularda gelişen yorgunluğun derecesi, serum sitokin ve leptin düzeyleri ile ilişkisi: Prospektif değerlendirme, Turk Onkol Derg 2007; 22(1): 1-12.
- Belmont A, Agar N, Azouvi P. Subjective fatigue, mental effort and attention deficits after severe traumatic brain injury, Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23(9): 939-944.
- Derman O, Kanbur NÖ, Akgül S, eds. Adolescent Health. Ankara: Aydoğdu Ofset, 2012: 167-80.
- Fidaner H. Kronik yorgunluk sendromu. Klin Psikiyatr 1999; 2: 261-265.
- ter Wolbeek M., van Doornen LJ, Schedlowsk M, et al. Glucocorticoid sensitivity of immune cells in severely fatigued adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Psyneuen 2008; 33(3): 375-385.
- Roberts AD, Wessely S, Chalder T, et al. Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184(2): 136-141.
- Argacha JF, Xhaet O, Gujic M, et al. Nicotine increases chemoreflex sensitivity to hypoxia in non-smokers. J Hypertens 2008; 26(2): 284-294.
- Szereda-Przestaszewska M, Kopczynska B, Kaczynska K, et al. Diverging respiratory effects of serotonin and nicotine in vagotomised cats prior to and after section of carotid sinus nerves. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001; 52: 71-79.
- Lee LY, Morton RF, Frazier DT. Influence of nicotine in cigarette smoke on acute ventilatory responses in awake dogs. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 229-236.
- Kaelin WG, Jr., Ratcliffe PJ. Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway. Mol Cell 2008; 30: 393-402.
- Saygılı S, Akıncı AÇ, Arıkan H, Dereli E. Sleeping quality and fatigue among university students. Ejovoc 2011; 1(1): 88-94.
- Corwin EJ, Klein LC, Rickelman K. Predictors of fatigue in healthy young adults: moderating effects of cigarette smoking and gender. Biol Res Nurs 2002; 3: 222-233.
- Akgun N. Exercise Physiology, 4. Baskı, 1.Cilt, GSGM Yayın No:113, İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1992; 219.
- Mannino DM, Gagnon RC, Petty TL, Lydick E. Obstructive lung disease and low lung function in adults in the United States: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11): 1683–1689.
- Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet 2007; 370: 741- 750.
- Hill K, Goldstein RS, Guyatt GH, et al. Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care. CMAJ 2010; 182: 673-678.
- Pitta F, Troosters T, Probst VS, et al. Physical activity and hospitalization for exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2006; 129: 536-544.
- Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M,et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality inchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006; 61: 772-778.
- Murtagh EM, Boreham CA, Nevill A, et al. The effects of 60 minutes of brisk walking per week, accumulated in two different patterns, on cardiovascular risk. Prev Med 2005; 41: 92–97.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Original Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 27, 2015 |
| Submission Date | August 5, 2014 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015 Volume: 6 Issue: 1 |
SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, makalenin gönderilmesi ve yayınlanması dahil olmak üzere hiçbir aşamada herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. Dergimiz, bilimsel araştırmaları okuyucuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyerek, içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır.