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N95 MASKE KULLANIMININ RETİNA DAMAR DANSİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN OPTİK KOHERENS TOMOGRAFİ ANJİYOGRAFİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 532 - 537, 23.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.1346713

Abstract

Amaç
Sağlık çalışanlarında FFP2/N95 yüz maskesinin oksijen
satürasyonu (SpO2), maküla ve optik disk damar
dansitesi üzerindeki etkisinin optik koherens tomografi
anjiyografi (OKTA) ile değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Çalışmaya 19 gönüllü sağlık çalışanının 38 gözü dahil
edilmiştir. Tam oftalmolojik muayeneleri yapılmıştır.
N95 maske takılmasından hemen önce ve 4 saat sürekli
kullanımından hemen sonra oksijen saturasyonunu
değerlendirmek için parmak tipi puls oksimetre ve
optik disk ile retinal damar dansitelerini değerlendirmek
için Angiovue OKTA cihazı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılardan
bu süre içerisinde maskelerini çıkarmamaları
istenmiştir. OKTA ile maske takılmadan ve çıkarılmadan
hemen önce maküla ve optik disk damar dansiteleri
değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular
Çalışmaya dahil edilen 19 gönüllünün 15’i kadın, 4’ü
erkekti. Ortalama yaş 36,64 ± 9,3 yıldı. Tüm gözlerde
Snellen’e göre düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği 20/20
idi ve tümünün göz içi basınç ölçümleri normal sınırlardaydı.
N95 maske takılmadan önceki oksijen satürasyonu
%97,94 ± 0,8, dört saat kullanım sonrasında
ise %96,14 ±1,8 idi. Maske kullanımı sonrası santral
maküla kalınlığında (SMK) anlamlı artış (p<0,001),
süperfisyal parafovea ve foveal koryokapillaris damar
dansitelerinde maske kullanımı sonrası anlamlı azalma
saptandı (p<0,05). Optik disk süperior ve inferior
radial peripapiller kapiller pleksus (RPK) damar dansitelerinde
ise maske kullanımı sonrası anlamlı artış
bulundu (p<0,05).
Sonuç
N95 maske kullanımı sonrası oksijen satürasyonu
düşmektedir. Maske kullanımı sonrası CO2 seviyesinde
artış ve O2 seviyesinde düşüşe cevap olarak retinal
ve koroidal vazoreaktivite değişmektedir.

References

  • 1. Liao M, Liu H, Wang X, Hu X, Huang Y, Liu X, et al. A technical review of face mask wearing in preventing respiratory COVID-19 transmission. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2021; 52:101417.
  • 2. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ. COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARSCoV- 2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395(10242):1973-87.
  • 3. Kurt A, Altındal EU. Choroidal thickness changes in healthcare professionals wearing surgical masks or FFP2 masks: Pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;37:102608.
  • 4. Lee SA, Hwang DC, Li HY, Tsai CF, Chen CW, Chen JK. Particle Size-Selective Assessment of Protection of European Standard FFP Respirators and Surgical Masks against Particles-Tested with Human Subjects. J Healthc Eng. 2016;2016:8572493.
  • 5. Li KKW, Joussen AM, Kwan JKC, Steel DHW. FFP3, FFP2, N95, surgical masks and respirators: what should we be wearing for ophthalmic surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(8):1587-89.
  • 6. Fikenzer S, Uhe T, Lavall D, Rudolph U, Falz R, Busse M, Hepp P, Laufs U. Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(12):1522-30.
  • 7. Ozdemir L, Azizoglu M, Yapıcı D. Respirators used by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 outbreak increase end-tidal carbon dioxide and fractional inspired carbon dioxide pressure. J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109901.
  • 8. Kisielinski K, Giboni P, Prescher A, Klosterhalfen B, Graessel D, Funken S, et al. Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):4344.
  • 9. Mastropasqua L, Lanzini M, Brescia L, D'Aloisio R, Nubile M, Ciancaglini M, et al. Face Mask-Related Ocular Surface Modifications During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Clinical, In Vivo Confocal Microscopy, and Immune-Cytology Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(3):22.
  • 10. Janicijevic D, Redondo B, Jiménez R, Lacorzana J, García-Ramos A, Vera J. Intraocular pressure responses to walking with surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259(8):2373-8.
  • 11. Hua D, Xu Y, Heiduschka P, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zeng X, et al. Retina Vascular Perfusion Dynamics During Exercise With and Without Face Masks in Healthy Young Adults: An OCT Angiography Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(3):23.
  • 12. Yildiz MB, Balci S, Özçelik Köse A, Yenerel NM, Yildiz HE. Retinal and choroidal vascularity changes in healthcare professionals wearing FFP3 respirators. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2021;40(2):70-77.
  • 13. Falavarjani KG, Sarraf D. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the retina and choroid; current applications and future directions. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017;29(1):1-4.
  • 14. Huang D, Jia Y, Gao SS, Lumbroso B, Rispoli M. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Using the Optovue Device. Dev Ophthalmol. 2016;56:6-12.
  • 15. Shein SL, Whitticar S, Mascho KK, Pace E, Speicher R, Deakins K. The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0247414.
  • 16. Grimm K, Niederer D, Nienhaus A, Groneberg DA, Engeroff T. Blood gas levels, cardiovascular strain and cognitive performance during surgical mask and filtering face piece application. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9708.
  • 17. Sukul P, Bartels J, Fuchs P, Trefz P, Remy R, Rührmund L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 protective face masks and wearing durations on respiratory haemodynamic physiology and exhaled breath constituents. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(3):2200009.
  • 18. Rudi WS, Maier F, Schüttler D, Kellnar A, Strüven AK, Hamm W, Brunner S. Impact of Face Masks on Exercise Capacity and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Young Adults. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(4):655-658.
  • 19. Karatas Durusoy G, Gumus G, Demir G. Evaluation of the effect of n95 face mask used by healthcare professionals on choroidal thickness. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34: 102279.
  • 20. Geiser MH, Riva CE, Dorner GT, Diermann U, Luksch A, Schmetterer L. Response of choroidal blood flow in the foveal region to hyperoxia and hyperoxia-hypercapnia. Curr Eye Res. 2000;21(2):669-76.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF N95 MASK USE ON RETINAL VASCULAR DENSITY BY OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 532 - 537, 23.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.1346713

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the effects of FFP2/N95
face mask use on oxygen saturation (SpO2), macula,
and optic disc vessel density through optical coherence
tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthcare workers.
Material and Method
A total of 38 eyes from 19 volunteer healthcare workers
were included in the study. Complete ophthalmic
examinations were performed. Finger-type pulse oximetry
measurements were used to assess the oxygen
saturation also and Angiovue OCTA used for vascular
density measurements before and after 4 hours of
continuous N95 mask wear. Participants were instructed
not to remove their masks during this period. Macular
and optic disc vessel densities were evaluated
using OCTA before and immediately after mask application
and removal.
Results
Of the 19 participants, 15 were female and 4 were
male. The mean age was 36,64 ± 9,3 years. The Snellen-
Corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in all eyes, and
intraocular pressure measurements were within normal
limits. Oxygen saturation was 97,94% ± 0,8 before
N95 mask wear, and 96,14% ± 1,8 after four hours of
mask application. Significant increase in central macular
thickness (CMT) (p<0,001), and significant decrease
in parafoveal vessel densities in the superficial
plexus and choriocapillaris in the fovea (p<0,05) were
observed after mask usage. Significant increase in
vessel densities of the superior and inferior radial peripapillary
capillary plexus (RPC) was found after mask
usage (p<0,05).
Conclusion
Oxygen saturation decreases after N95 mask usage.
Vascular reactivity between the retina and choroid
changes in response to increased CO2 levels and decreased
O2 levels after mask usage.

References

  • 1. Liao M, Liu H, Wang X, Hu X, Huang Y, Liu X, et al. A technical review of face mask wearing in preventing respiratory COVID-19 transmission. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2021; 52:101417.
  • 2. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ. COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARSCoV- 2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020;395(10242):1973-87.
  • 3. Kurt A, Altındal EU. Choroidal thickness changes in healthcare professionals wearing surgical masks or FFP2 masks: Pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;37:102608.
  • 4. Lee SA, Hwang DC, Li HY, Tsai CF, Chen CW, Chen JK. Particle Size-Selective Assessment of Protection of European Standard FFP Respirators and Surgical Masks against Particles-Tested with Human Subjects. J Healthc Eng. 2016;2016:8572493.
  • 5. Li KKW, Joussen AM, Kwan JKC, Steel DHW. FFP3, FFP2, N95, surgical masks and respirators: what should we be wearing for ophthalmic surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(8):1587-89.
  • 6. Fikenzer S, Uhe T, Lavall D, Rudolph U, Falz R, Busse M, Hepp P, Laufs U. Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(12):1522-30.
  • 7. Ozdemir L, Azizoglu M, Yapıcı D. Respirators used by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 outbreak increase end-tidal carbon dioxide and fractional inspired carbon dioxide pressure. J Clin Anesth. 2020;66:109901.
  • 8. Kisielinski K, Giboni P, Prescher A, Klosterhalfen B, Graessel D, Funken S, et al. Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in Everyday Use and Free of Potential Hazards? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):4344.
  • 9. Mastropasqua L, Lanzini M, Brescia L, D'Aloisio R, Nubile M, Ciancaglini M, et al. Face Mask-Related Ocular Surface Modifications During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Clinical, In Vivo Confocal Microscopy, and Immune-Cytology Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(3):22.
  • 10. Janicijevic D, Redondo B, Jiménez R, Lacorzana J, García-Ramos A, Vera J. Intraocular pressure responses to walking with surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259(8):2373-8.
  • 11. Hua D, Xu Y, Heiduschka P, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zeng X, et al. Retina Vascular Perfusion Dynamics During Exercise With and Without Face Masks in Healthy Young Adults: An OCT Angiography Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(3):23.
  • 12. Yildiz MB, Balci S, Özçelik Köse A, Yenerel NM, Yildiz HE. Retinal and choroidal vascularity changes in healthcare professionals wearing FFP3 respirators. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2021;40(2):70-77.
  • 13. Falavarjani KG, Sarraf D. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the retina and choroid; current applications and future directions. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2017;29(1):1-4.
  • 14. Huang D, Jia Y, Gao SS, Lumbroso B, Rispoli M. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Using the Optovue Device. Dev Ophthalmol. 2016;56:6-12.
  • 15. Shein SL, Whitticar S, Mascho KK, Pace E, Speicher R, Deakins K. The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0247414.
  • 16. Grimm K, Niederer D, Nienhaus A, Groneberg DA, Engeroff T. Blood gas levels, cardiovascular strain and cognitive performance during surgical mask and filtering face piece application. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):9708.
  • 17. Sukul P, Bartels J, Fuchs P, Trefz P, Remy R, Rührmund L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 protective face masks and wearing durations on respiratory haemodynamic physiology and exhaled breath constituents. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(3):2200009.
  • 18. Rudi WS, Maier F, Schüttler D, Kellnar A, Strüven AK, Hamm W, Brunner S. Impact of Face Masks on Exercise Capacity and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Young Adults. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022;17(4):655-658.
  • 19. Karatas Durusoy G, Gumus G, Demir G. Evaluation of the effect of n95 face mask used by healthcare professionals on choroidal thickness. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34: 102279.
  • 20. Geiser MH, Riva CE, Dorner GT, Diermann U, Luksch A, Schmetterer L. Response of choroidal blood flow in the foveal region to hyperoxia and hyperoxia-hypercapnia. Curr Eye Res. 2000;21(2):669-76.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ophthalmology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sebile Çomçalı 0000-0003-0596-1452

Uğur Yılmaz 0000-0002-0187-5381

Raşit Kılıç 0000-0001-6671-9067

Çiğdem Coşkun 0000-0003-2215-306X

Cemal Çavdarlı 0000-0001-8379-4384

Mehmet Numan Alp 0000-0001-7357-5399

Publication Date September 23, 2023
Submission Date August 20, 2023
Acceptance Date September 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 30 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Çomçalı S, Yılmaz U, Kılıç R, Coşkun Ç, Çavdarlı C, Alp MN. N95 MASKE KULLANIMININ RETİNA DAMAR DANSİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN OPTİK KOHERENS TOMOGRAFİ ANJİYOGRAFİ İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Med J SDU. 2023;30(3):532-7.

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