Abstract
İnsanoğlu denizleri sessiz ortamlar olarak algılayagelmiştir. Hâlbuki sualtında sesli ve canlı bir ortam mevcuttur. Bu zenginliği bozan ve rahatsız edecek seviyede gürültü yaratan bir takım çalışmalar sürdürülmektedir. Bunların en önemlilerinden biri de sismik araştırmalardır. Yenilenen teknoloji ile sismik araştırmalarda hava tabancaları kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Böylelikle her 10 saniyede denize yüksek ses dalgaları yayılabilmekte ve bu dalgalar uzak mesafelere ulaşmaktadır. Uluslararası Hukuk’ta önemli konu başlıklarından biri deniz alanlarının sınırlandırılması meselesidir. Bu meselede verilmiş mahkeme ve tahkim kararları vardır. Oluşmakta olan bu içtihatta sismik araştırmalar izin verilen, sorumluluk doğurmayacak faaliyetler olarak görülmektedirler. Bu yaklaşıma göre sismik araştırmalar, sondaj gibi faaliyetlerden farklı olarak sınırlandırılacak deniz çevresine kalıcı zarar vermemektedir. Bu çalışmanın konusu bu algının bilimsel verilerle olan uyumsuzluğuna işaret etmektir. Sonrasında, gürültünün bir kirlenme çeşidi olduğunun tespiti ve gürültüye karşı oluşturulan hukuki yapı incelenecektir. Bu incelemede odak olarak Uluslararası Hukuk seçilmiştir. Burada ikili bir ayrıma gidilerek öncelikle Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmeleri gibi evrensel uygulama bulması gereken hukuki metinler ele alınacaktır. Bunlar, daha sonra kabul edilen bölgesel uluslararası hukuk metinleri için çerçeve görevini üstlenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamına ulusal mevzuat dâhil edilmemiştir. Çalışma, sonuç bölümünde gürültü kirliliğini azaltmaya dönük tatbiki tavsiyelere yer verecektir. Bunlara uyulması, deniz sınırlandırılması uyuşmazlıklarının tarafı devletlerin eylemlerinin meşruiyeti açısından önemlidir.
Keywords
Uluslararası Hukuk Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku Deniz Kirlenmesi Sualtı Gürültü Kirliliği Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Sözleşmesi Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Sözleşmesi ASCOBANS ACCOBAMS
Supporting Institution
Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.
References
- Abdullayev, C. (2005). Uluslararası hukuk açısından gemilerden kaynaklanan petrol kirliliği (yetki-sorumlulukzararın tazmini). Ankara: Yetkin Basın Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş..
- Bratspies, R. M. (2006). Trail Smelter’s (Semi) Precautionary Legacy. In R.M. Bratspies & R. A. Miller (Eds.), Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration (s. 153-166). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Çakmak, M. (2008). Biyolojik Çesitliliğin Hukuken Korunması ve Kamu Yararı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 133–166. doi:10.1501/Hukfak_0000000292
- Erbe, C. (2013). International Regulation of Underwater Noise. Acoustics Australia, 41(1), 12-19. Erişim Adresi: http://www.acoustics.asn.au/journal/2013/2013_41_1_Erbe_paper.pdf
- Final Report of the ASCOBANS, (2012). Intersessional Working Group on the Assessment of Acoustic Disturbance.
- Giannoumis, J. K. (2017). Underwater Noise Pollution: An Evaluation of the Voluntary Guidelines on Reduction of Underwater Noise from Commercial Shipping in the United States.Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Erişim Adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2448967
- Gillespie, A. (2011). The Impacts of Seismic Exploration and International Law. Erişim Adresi: https:// oceancare.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Paper_L%C3%A4rm_Gillespie_The-impacts-of-seismicexploration_EN_2011.pdf
- Güneysu, G. (2019). Uyuşmazlık konusu olan ve henüz sınırlandırılmamış deniz alanlarına ilişkin devlet yükümlülükleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 127–145. Erişim Adresi: https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eruhfd/issue/46717/585907
- Hickman, A. (2015). Environmental Impact Assessments and Marine Seismic Surveys: Making the Case for Environmental Impact Assessments for Marine Seismic Surveys in Areas of Marine Mammal Activity, ClientEarth Report.
- Ioannides, N. (2019). The legal framework governing hydrocarbon activities in undelimited maritime areas. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 68(2), 345–368. doi:10.1017/S0020589319000010
- ITLOS (1999). Southern Bluefin Tuna, New Zealand v Japan, Provisional Measures, ITLOS Case No 3.
- Kaczorowska, A. (2004). 150 leading cases on public ınternational law (2. bs). London: Old Bailey Press.
- Kaya, İ. (2013). Uluslararası hukukta temel belgeler. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Nowacek, D. P., Clark, C. W., Mann, D., Miller, P. J., Rosenbaum, H. C., Golden, J. S., Jasny, M. , Kraska, J. and Southall, B. L. (2015). Marine seismic surveys and ocean noise: time for coordinated and prudent planning. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13, 378–386. doi:10.1890/130286
- Reports of International Arbitral Awards (2007). Guyana v. Suriname Award. Award in the Arbitration Regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guyana and Suriname Award of 17 September 2007, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 17 September 2007, Volume XXX, 2012, 1-144, Erişim Adresi: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXX/1-144.pdf
- Scott, K. N. (2004). International regulation of undersea noise. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 53, 287–324. doi:10.1093/iclq/53.2.287
- Tütüncü, A. (2001). Gemi kaynaklı deniz kirlenmesinin önlenmesi, azaltılması ve kontrol altına alınmasında devletin yetkisi (2. bs). İstanbul: Beta Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
- UNEP/CBD/COP, (2012). Decision Adopted by The Conference of the Parties to the Convention On Biological Diversity.
- UNEP/CBD/COP, (2016). Decision Adopted by The Conference of the Parties to the Convention On Biological Diversity. CBD/COP/DEC/XIII/10.
- UNEP/Scientific Synthesis, (2012). Scientific Synthesis on the Impacts of Underwater Noise on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity and Habitats. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/16/INF/12. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ascobans. org/en/document/cbd-scientific-synthesis-impacts-underwater-noise-marine-and-coastal-biodiversity-and United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (1994). U.N.T.S., Vol. 1833, s. 397- 581.
- Weilgart, L. (2013). A review of the impacts of seismic airgun surveys on marine life. Paper submitted to CBD Expert Workshop on Underwater Noise and its impatcs on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity, 25-27 February 2014, London, UK. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/mcbem-2014-01/other/mcbem2014-01-submission-seismic-airgun-en.pdf
- Weir, C. R. & Sarah J. Dolman (2007). Comparative review of the regional marine mammal mitigation guidelines implemented during industrial seismic surveys, and guidance towards a worldwide standard. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 10(1), 1–27, DOI: 10.1080/13880290701229838
- Yaycı, C. (2019). Sorular ve Cevaplar ile Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge (MEB) Kavramı. İstanbul: Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü.
- Yiallourides, C. (2019). Protecting and preserving the marine environment in disputed areas: Seismic noise and provisional measures of protection. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36(2), 141–161. doi:10.1 080/02646811.2017.1403741
Abstract
Oceans are perceived by humans to be silent, as publicly reiterated by the esteemed Jacques Cousteau. However, this cannot be farther from the truth since ambient noise in an underwater environment is a relatively high one, even if humans fail to hear it. The part of anthropogenic noise in this has been increasing steadily for at least a century and newly developed technologies contribute to this noise immensely. One of these new technologies is the air gun - used in seismic surveys since the 1960’s. These guns are used to gather information by emitting sound waves at short intervals of every ten seconds. Seismic surveys have been deemed to be harmless activities by the international courts and arbitration tribunals in their judgments and awards, especially in regards to disputes of maritime delimitation. In cases where states parties to such a dispute refrain from drilling activities, among others, which may potentially jeopardize the marine environment permanently, and execute seismic surveys solely, they will not be held internationally responsible for the activities of the latter kind. However, recent studies have indisputably proven that this is a misrepresentation of the environmental effects of the seismic surveys. This paper aims to throw light upon the real nature of these surveys with a view to establishing whether these activities are transgressions of international law. This is to be endeavored within the purview of two different sources of international law - global rules and regional legal rules. It is the understanding of the author that the international conventions with a global relevance form the framework for the regional and domestic rules, the latter of which is not included in this paper. This inquiry, in its conclusion, tries to come up with suggestions of a practical nature to mitigate underwater noise pollution. The implementation of these measures is significant for those states parties to actual maritime delimitation disputes, since they will augment the legitimacy of the activities carried out by them.
Keywords
International Law International Law of the Sea Marine Pollution Underwater Noise Pollution United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Convention on Biological Diversity ASCOBANS ACCOBAMS
References
- Abdullayev, C. (2005). Uluslararası hukuk açısından gemilerden kaynaklanan petrol kirliliği (yetki-sorumlulukzararın tazmini). Ankara: Yetkin Basın Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş..
- Bratspies, R. M. (2006). Trail Smelter’s (Semi) Precautionary Legacy. In R.M. Bratspies & R. A. Miller (Eds.), Transboundary Harm in International Law: Lessons from the Trail Smelter Arbitration (s. 153-166). New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Çakmak, M. (2008). Biyolojik Çesitliliğin Hukuken Korunması ve Kamu Yararı. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(1), 133–166. doi:10.1501/Hukfak_0000000292
- Erbe, C. (2013). International Regulation of Underwater Noise. Acoustics Australia, 41(1), 12-19. Erişim Adresi: http://www.acoustics.asn.au/journal/2013/2013_41_1_Erbe_paper.pdf
- Final Report of the ASCOBANS, (2012). Intersessional Working Group on the Assessment of Acoustic Disturbance.
- Giannoumis, J. K. (2017). Underwater Noise Pollution: An Evaluation of the Voluntary Guidelines on Reduction of Underwater Noise from Commercial Shipping in the United States.Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Erişim Adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2448967
- Gillespie, A. (2011). The Impacts of Seismic Exploration and International Law. Erişim Adresi: https:// oceancare.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Paper_L%C3%A4rm_Gillespie_The-impacts-of-seismicexploration_EN_2011.pdf
- Güneysu, G. (2019). Uyuşmazlık konusu olan ve henüz sınırlandırılmamış deniz alanlarına ilişkin devlet yükümlülükleri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 127–145. Erişim Adresi: https:// dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eruhfd/issue/46717/585907
- Hickman, A. (2015). Environmental Impact Assessments and Marine Seismic Surveys: Making the Case for Environmental Impact Assessments for Marine Seismic Surveys in Areas of Marine Mammal Activity, ClientEarth Report.
- Ioannides, N. (2019). The legal framework governing hydrocarbon activities in undelimited maritime areas. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 68(2), 345–368. doi:10.1017/S0020589319000010
- ITLOS (1999). Southern Bluefin Tuna, New Zealand v Japan, Provisional Measures, ITLOS Case No 3.
- Kaczorowska, A. (2004). 150 leading cases on public ınternational law (2. bs). London: Old Bailey Press.
- Kaya, İ. (2013). Uluslararası hukukta temel belgeler. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Nowacek, D. P., Clark, C. W., Mann, D., Miller, P. J., Rosenbaum, H. C., Golden, J. S., Jasny, M. , Kraska, J. and Southall, B. L. (2015). Marine seismic surveys and ocean noise: time for coordinated and prudent planning. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13, 378–386. doi:10.1890/130286
- Reports of International Arbitral Awards (2007). Guyana v. Suriname Award. Award in the Arbitration Regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guyana and Suriname Award of 17 September 2007, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 17 September 2007, Volume XXX, 2012, 1-144, Erişim Adresi: http://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_XXX/1-144.pdf
- Scott, K. N. (2004). International regulation of undersea noise. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 53, 287–324. doi:10.1093/iclq/53.2.287
- Tütüncü, A. (2001). Gemi kaynaklı deniz kirlenmesinin önlenmesi, azaltılması ve kontrol altına alınmasında devletin yetkisi (2. bs). İstanbul: Beta Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
- UNEP/CBD/COP, (2012). Decision Adopted by The Conference of the Parties to the Convention On Biological Diversity.
- UNEP/CBD/COP, (2016). Decision Adopted by The Conference of the Parties to the Convention On Biological Diversity. CBD/COP/DEC/XIII/10.
- UNEP/Scientific Synthesis, (2012). Scientific Synthesis on the Impacts of Underwater Noise on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity and Habitats. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/16/INF/12. Erişim Adresi: https://www.ascobans. org/en/document/cbd-scientific-synthesis-impacts-underwater-noise-marine-and-coastal-biodiversity-and United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (1994). U.N.T.S., Vol. 1833, s. 397- 581.
- Weilgart, L. (2013). A review of the impacts of seismic airgun surveys on marine life. Paper submitted to CBD Expert Workshop on Underwater Noise and its impatcs on Marine and Coastal Biodiversity, 25-27 February 2014, London, UK. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/mcbem-2014-01/other/mcbem2014-01-submission-seismic-airgun-en.pdf
- Weir, C. R. & Sarah J. Dolman (2007). Comparative review of the regional marine mammal mitigation guidelines implemented during industrial seismic surveys, and guidance towards a worldwide standard. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, 10(1), 1–27, DOI: 10.1080/13880290701229838
- Yaycı, C. (2019). Sorular ve Cevaplar ile Münhasır Ekonomik Bölge (MEB) Kavramı. İstanbul: Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, Deniz Basımevi Müdürlüğü.
- Yiallourides, C. (2019). Protecting and preserving the marine environment in disputed areas: Seismic noise and provisional measures of protection. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36(2), 141–161. doi:10.1 080/02646811.2017.1403741
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Political Science |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 30, 2020 |
| Submission Date | October 18, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 29 Issue: 1 |
