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COVID-19 Pandemisinin Türkiye’de Tipik Gelişen Çocukların Uzun Dönem Davranış Sorunları Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 272 - 278, 25.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.1232315

Abstract

Amaç: COVİD-19 gibi pandemiler sosyal kısıtlılıklar, günlük rutinlerdeki değişiklikler ve ekonomik zorluklara bağlı olarak hem ebeveynlerde, hem de çocuklarda strese neden olur ve çocuklarda uzun dönemde gelişimsel ve davranışsal sorunlara yol açar. Çalışmamızda pandeminin ikinci yılında tipik gelişen sağlıklı çocuklarda davranış problemlerini ve bu sorunlara aile sosyodemografik özelliklerinin etkisini değerlendirdik.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu vaka kontrol çalışmasına, Ocak ve Şubat 2022 tarihleri arasında Hacettepe Üniversitesi İhsan Doğramacı Çocuk Hastanesi’ne başvuran yaşları 18-60 ay arasında 28 çocuk ve pandemi öncesi dönemden 23 çocuk dahil edildi. Çocukların tümünün Erken Gelişim Evreleri Envanteri değerlendirme sonuçları tüm gelişim alanlarında normaldi. Çocuk Davranışlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği ebeveynler tarafından dolduruldu.

Bulgular: Aile sosyodemografik özellikleri açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu. Çocuk Davranışlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği puanları değerlendirildiğinde anksiyete-depresyon puanları pandemi sonrası grupta anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p=0.047). Çoklu regresyon modelinde, anne eğitim düzeyi düşük kaygı-depresyon puanları ile anlamlı bir şekilde ilişkiliydi (p=0.030). Anne eğitim düzeyinin lise üstü olmasının pandemi sonrası gruptaki çocuklarda anksiyete-depresyon puanlarını 2,53 puan azalttığı gösterildi.

Tartışma: Aileler, çocuk doktorları ve diğer tüm sağlık çalışanları pandeminin olumsuz etkilerine karşı en savunmasız gruplardan biri olan okul öncesi çocukları yakın izlemelidir. Ayrıca, özellikle orta gelirli ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde pandemi sürecinde derinleşen sağlık ve sosyal eşitsizliklerin ortadan kaldırılması için yeni politikalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

References

  • Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet 2020;395:945-47.
  • Goldfeld S, O’Connor E, Sung V, Roberts G, Wake M, West S, et al. Potential indirect impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children: a narrative review using a community child health lens. Med J Aust 2022;216:364-72.
  • Schmidt SJ, Barblan LP, Lory I, Landolt MA. Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021;12:1901407.
  • Ravens-Sieberer U, Kaman A, Erhart M, Devine J, Schlack R, Otto C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022;31:879-89.
  • Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr 2020;221:264-66. e1.
  • Frigerio A, Nettuno F, and Nazzari S. Maternal mood moderates the trajectory of emotional and behavioural problems from pre-to during the COVID-19 lockdown in preschool children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01925-0
  • Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Liu Q, Zhang J, et al. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:898-900.
  • Samji H, Wu J, Ladak A, Vossen C, Stewart E, Dove N, et al. Mental health impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children and youth–a systematic review. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2022;27:173-89.
  • Franks BA. Moving targets: A developmental framework for understanding children’s changes following disasters. J Appl Dev Psychol 2011;32:58-69.
  • Tso WWY, Wong RS, Tung KTS, Rao N, Fu KW, Yam J, et al. Vulnerability and resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;31:161-76.
  • Geweniger A, Barth M, Haddad AD, Högl H, Insan S, Mund A, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Outcomes of Healthy Children, Children With Special Health Care Needs and Their Caregivers-Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pediatr 2022;10:759066.
  • Barbieri V, Wiedermann CJ, Kaman A, Erhart M, Piccoliori G, Plagg B, et al. Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents after the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large Population-Based Survey in South Tyrol, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:5220 doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095220.
  • Prime H, Wade M, and Browne DT. Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Psychol 2020;75:631-43.
  • Wenter A, Schickl M, Sevecke K, Juen B, Exenberger S. Children’s Mental Health During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Burden, Risk Factors and Posttraumatic Growth–A Mixed-Methods Parents’ Perspective. Front Psychol 2022;13:901205.
  • Zengin Akkus P, Ciki K, Mete Yesil A, Ilter Bahadur E, Karahan S, et al. Developmental and behavioral outcomes of preschool-aged children with biotinidase deficiency identified by newborn screening. Eur J Pediatr 2021;180:217-24.
  • Zengin Akkus P, Gharibzadeh Hizal M, Ilter Bahadur E, Ozmert EN, Eryilmaz Polat S, Ozdemir G, et al. Developmental and behavioral problems in preschool-aged primary ciliary dyskinesia patients. Eur J Pediatr 2019;178:995-1003.
  • Squires J, Potter L, and Bricker D. The ASQ user’s guide for the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: A parent-completed, child-monitoring system. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Publishing, 1999.
  • Small JW, Hix‐Small H, Vargas‐Baron E, Marks KP. Comparative use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in low‐and middle‐income countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019;61:431-43.
  • Kapci EG, Kucuker S, and Uslu RI. How applicable are Ages and Stages Questionnaires for use with Turkish children? Topics Early Child Spec Educ 2010;30:176-88.
  • Achenbach TM and Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Vol. 30. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research center for children, youth, 2000.
  • Erol N, Simsek Z, Oner O, Munir K. Behavioral and emotional problems among Turkish children at ages 2 to 3 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:80-7.
  • Yurduşen S, Erol N, and Gençöz T. The effects of parental attitudes and mothers’ psychological well-being on the emotional and behavioral problems of their preschool children. Matern Child Health J 2013;17:68-75.
  • Araújo LAd, Veloso CF, Souza MdC, Azevedo JMCd, Tarro G. The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child growth and development: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021;97:369-77.
  • Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ford K, Rodriguez GR, Sethi D, Passmore J. Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:517-28.
  • Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child, Family Health Committee on Early Childhood Adoption, Dependent Care, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, et al. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 2012;129:232-46.
  • Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Devine J, Gilbert M, Reiss F, Barkmann C, et al. Child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of the three-wave longitudinal COPSY Study. J Adolesc Health 2022;71:570-8.
  • Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Medi 2013;90:24-31.
  • Sun J, Singletary B, Jiang H, Justice LM, Lin TJ, Purtell KM. Child behavior problems during COVID-19: Associations with parent distress and child social-emotional skills. J Appl Dev Psychol 2022;78:101375.
  • Altafim ERP, McCoy DC, and Linhares MBM. Relations between parenting practices, socioeconomic status, and child behavior in Brazil. Child Youth Serv Rev 2018; 89:93-102.
  • Fox RA, Platz DL, and Bentley KS. Maternal factors related to parenting practices, developmental expectations, and perceptions of child behavior problems. J Genet Psychol 1995;156:431-41.
  • Fitzpatrick O, Carson A, and Weisz JR. Using mixed methods to identify the primary mental health problems and needs of children, adolescents, and their caregivers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021;52:1082-93.
  • Cantiani C, Dondena C, Capelli E, Riboldi EM, Molteni M, Riva V. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the emotional and behavioral profiles of preschool Italian children with and without familial risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Sci 2021;11:477.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic On Long Term Behavior Problems in Typically Developing Preschool Children in Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 17 Issue: 4, 272 - 278, 25.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.1232315

Abstract

Objective: Pandemics such as COVID 19, cause severe stress for both parents and children due to social constraints, changes in daily routines, and economic challenges, and can lead to long-term developmental and behavioral problems in children. We evaluated the behavioral problems of typically developing healthy children at the end of the second year of the pandemic, as well as the effect of family sociodemographic characteristics.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 28 children between the ages of 18 to 60 months who admitted to Hacettepe University İhsan Doğramacı Children’s Hospital between January and February 2022 and 23 children from the pre-pandemic period. All of the children scored normally on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in all developmental domains. The Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) was completed by parents.

Results: In terms of family sociodemographic characteristics, no significant difference existed between the two groups. Anxiety-depression scores were significantly higher in the post-pandemic group once CBCL scores were assessed (p=0.047). In the final stepwise multiple regression model, maternal education level was significantly associated with lower anxiety-depression scores (p=0.030). It was revealed that a maternal education level above high school reduced the anxiety-depression scores by 2.53 points in the post-pandemic group.

Conclusions: Families, pediatricians, and all other healthcare providers need to closely monitor preschoolers, who are among the groups most vulnerable to the negative effects of the pandemic. Additionally, new policies are required to eliminate health and social inequalities that deepen during the pandemic, especially in middle income and developing countries.

References

  • Wang G, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Jiang F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet 2020;395:945-47.
  • Goldfeld S, O’Connor E, Sung V, Roberts G, Wake M, West S, et al. Potential indirect impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children: a narrative review using a community child health lens. Med J Aust 2022;216:364-72.
  • Schmidt SJ, Barblan LP, Lory I, Landolt MA. Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021;12:1901407.
  • Ravens-Sieberer U, Kaman A, Erhart M, Devine J, Schlack R, Otto C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022;31:879-89.
  • Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, Fang SF, Jiao FY, Pettoello-Mantovani M, et al. Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the COVID-19 epidemic. J Pediatr 2020;221:264-66. e1.
  • Frigerio A, Nettuno F, and Nazzari S. Maternal mood moderates the trajectory of emotional and behavioural problems from pre-to during the COVID-19 lockdown in preschool children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01925-0
  • Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhu K, Liu Q, Zhang J, et al. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr 2020;174:898-900.
  • Samji H, Wu J, Ladak A, Vossen C, Stewart E, Dove N, et al. Mental health impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children and youth–a systematic review. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2022;27:173-89.
  • Franks BA. Moving targets: A developmental framework for understanding children’s changes following disasters. J Appl Dev Psychol 2011;32:58-69.
  • Tso WWY, Wong RS, Tung KTS, Rao N, Fu KW, Yam J, et al. Vulnerability and resilience in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;31:161-76.
  • Geweniger A, Barth M, Haddad AD, Högl H, Insan S, Mund A, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Outcomes of Healthy Children, Children With Special Health Care Needs and Their Caregivers-Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. Front Pediatr 2022;10:759066.
  • Barbieri V, Wiedermann CJ, Kaman A, Erhart M, Piccoliori G, Plagg B, et al. Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents after the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large Population-Based Survey in South Tyrol, Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:5220 doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095220.
  • Prime H, Wade M, and Browne DT. Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Psychol 2020;75:631-43.
  • Wenter A, Schickl M, Sevecke K, Juen B, Exenberger S. Children’s Mental Health During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Burden, Risk Factors and Posttraumatic Growth–A Mixed-Methods Parents’ Perspective. Front Psychol 2022;13:901205.
  • Zengin Akkus P, Ciki K, Mete Yesil A, Ilter Bahadur E, Karahan S, et al. Developmental and behavioral outcomes of preschool-aged children with biotinidase deficiency identified by newborn screening. Eur J Pediatr 2021;180:217-24.
  • Zengin Akkus P, Gharibzadeh Hizal M, Ilter Bahadur E, Ozmert EN, Eryilmaz Polat S, Ozdemir G, et al. Developmental and behavioral problems in preschool-aged primary ciliary dyskinesia patients. Eur J Pediatr 2019;178:995-1003.
  • Squires J, Potter L, and Bricker D. The ASQ user’s guide for the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: A parent-completed, child-monitoring system. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Paul H Brookes Publishing, 1999.
  • Small JW, Hix‐Small H, Vargas‐Baron E, Marks KP. Comparative use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in low‐and middle‐income countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019;61:431-43.
  • Kapci EG, Kucuker S, and Uslu RI. How applicable are Ages and Stages Questionnaires for use with Turkish children? Topics Early Child Spec Educ 2010;30:176-88.
  • Achenbach TM and Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms and profiles. Vol. 30. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research center for children, youth, 2000.
  • Erol N, Simsek Z, Oner O, Munir K. Behavioral and emotional problems among Turkish children at ages 2 to 3 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:80-7.
  • Yurduşen S, Erol N, and Gençöz T. The effects of parental attitudes and mothers’ psychological well-being on the emotional and behavioral problems of their preschool children. Matern Child Health J 2013;17:68-75.
  • Araújo LAd, Veloso CF, Souza MdC, Azevedo JMCd, Tarro G. The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child growth and development: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021;97:369-77.
  • Bellis MA, Hughes K, Ford K, Rodriguez GR, Sethi D, Passmore J. Life course health consequences and associated annual costs of adverse childhood experiences across Europe and North America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2019;4:517-28.
  • Shonkoff JP, Garner AS, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child, Family Health Committee on Early Childhood Adoption, Dependent Care, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, et al. The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics 2012;129:232-46.
  • Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Devine J, Gilbert M, Reiss F, Barkmann C, et al. Child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of the three-wave longitudinal COPSY Study. J Adolesc Health 2022;71:570-8.
  • Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Medi 2013;90:24-31.
  • Sun J, Singletary B, Jiang H, Justice LM, Lin TJ, Purtell KM. Child behavior problems during COVID-19: Associations with parent distress and child social-emotional skills. J Appl Dev Psychol 2022;78:101375.
  • Altafim ERP, McCoy DC, and Linhares MBM. Relations between parenting practices, socioeconomic status, and child behavior in Brazil. Child Youth Serv Rev 2018; 89:93-102.
  • Fox RA, Platz DL, and Bentley KS. Maternal factors related to parenting practices, developmental expectations, and perceptions of child behavior problems. J Genet Psychol 1995;156:431-41.
  • Fitzpatrick O, Carson A, and Weisz JR. Using mixed methods to identify the primary mental health problems and needs of children, adolescents, and their caregivers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021;52:1082-93.
  • Cantiani C, Dondena C, Capelli E, Riboldi EM, Molteni M, Riva V. Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on the emotional and behavioral profiles of preschool Italian children with and without familial risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Sci 2021;11:477.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Authors

Emel Ömercioğlu 0000-0001-9551-9996

Aysel Hajiyeva 0000-0002-2665-9482

Ayşe Mete Yeşil 0000-0003-2985-6139

Pınar Zengin Akkuş 0000-0003-1704-0327

Elif N. Özmert 0000-0002-4911-9200

Early Pub Date May 3, 2023
Publication Date July 25, 2023
Submission Date January 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 17 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Ömercioğlu E, Hajiyeva A, Mete Yeşil A, Zengin Akkuş P, Özmert EN. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic On Long Term Behavior Problems in Typically Developing Preschool Children in Turkey. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2023;17(4):272-8.


The publication language of Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease is English.


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