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Yaşlılarda Fiziksel Aktivite ve Egzersiz

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 452 - 459, 28.04.2023

Tarık Özmen Nurcan Contarlı

Abstract

Dünyada ve ülkemizde doğum oranlarında azalma, enfeksiyon hastalıklarının kontrolü, beslenme ve sağlık hizmetlerinde gelişmeler ile yaşam süresi artmaktadır. Yaşlılık, durdurulması mümkün olmayan biyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyal sorunlar içeren tüm bireylerin yaşayacağı bir süreçtir. Yaşlanma ile vücutta meydana gelen fiziksel ve fizyolojik fonksiyonlarda değişimler, günlük yaşam aktivitelerinde kısıtlılık, ruh sağlığında ve bilişsel işlevlerde bozulmaya neden olmaktadır. Kas ve kemik kütlesinde azalma, vücut yağ yüzdesinde artış, maksimum kalp hızı, kardiyak debi ve maksimal oksijen tüketiminde azalma gibi aktiviteyi kısıtlayıcı faktörler, fiziksel iş kapasitesinde yetersizliğe yol açmaktadır. Yaşlılıkta ortaya çıkan kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, inme, diyabet, osteoporoz, bazı kanser türleri, Alzheimer gibi bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların önlenmesi, bağımsızlığın sürdürülmesi ve yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz kritik öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca yaşlılarda sık görülen ve ciddi yaralanmalara hatta ölüme yol açabilen düşmenin önlenmesinde egzersiz müdahalesi temel bir rol oynamaktadır. Yaşlılarda sağlığın korunması ve geliştirilmesi için aerobik, dirençli, denge ve esneklik çalışmalarını içeren egzersiz programları teşvik edilmelidir.

Keywords

Fiziksel aktivite Egzersiz Yaşlılar Sağlık

References

  • Akgül, A., Tarakci, E., Arman, N., Büyükkaya, F., Irmak, H. S., & Karaaslan, T. (2018). Yaşlılarda denge, mobilite ve düşmenin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(1), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2018-59723.
  • Anantanasuwong, D., Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of successful ageing among people 50 years and older in a National Community Sample in Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19, 10705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710705.
  • Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., ... & Craft, S. (2010). Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 22(2), 569-579. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-100768.
  • Ballesteros, R. F. (2019). The concept of successful aging and related terms. In The Cambridge handbook of successful aging. Cambridge University Press.
  • Beckmann, M., Bruun-Olsen, V., Pripp, A. H., Bergland, A., Smith, T., & Heiberg, K. E. (2020). Effect of exercise interventions in the early phase to improve physical function after hip fracture–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy, 108, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2020.04.009.
  • Brown, D. R., Carroll, D. D., Workman, L. M., Carlson, S. A., & Brown, D. W. (2014). Physical activity and health-related quality of life: US adults with and without limitations. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2673–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0739-z.
  • Cancela Carral, J. M., Pallin, E., Orbegozo, A., & Ayan Perez, C. (2017). Effects of three different chair-based exercise programs on people older than 80 years. Rejuvenation Research, 20(5), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2017.1924.
  • Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126. Retrived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424733/.
  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(7), 1510-1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.
  • Cristopoliski, F., Barela, J. A., Leite, N., Fowler, N. E., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2009). Stretching exercise program improves gait in the elderly. Gerontology, 55(6), 614-620. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235863.
  • Eckstrom, E., Neukam, S., Kalin, L., & Wright, J. (2020). Physical activity and healthy aging. Clin Geriatr Med, 36(4), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2020.06.009.
  • Fedor, A., Garcia, S., & Gunstad, J. (2015). The effects of a brief, water-based exercise intervention on cognitive function in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(2), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv001.
  • Gao, X., Wang, L., Shen, F., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., & Niu, H. (2019). Dynamic walking stability of elderly people with various BMIs. Gait and Posture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.027.
  • Güneş Gencer, GY. (Ed.). (2021). Yaşlılarda Rehabilitasyon. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • Hallegraeff, J. M., van der Schans, C. P., de Ruiter, R., & de Greef, M. H. (2012). Stretching before sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults: A randomized trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70068-1.
  • Holland, G. J., Tanaka, K., Shigematsu, R., & Nakagaichi, M. (2002). Flexibility and physical functions of older adults: A review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 10(2), 169-206. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.2.169.
  • Huston, P., & McFarlane, B. (2016). Health benefits of tai chi: What is the evidence? Canadian Family Physician, 62(11), 881-890. Retrived from: https://www.cfp.ca/content/62/11/881.short.
  • Karan, A. (2006). Yaşlılıkta egzersiz ve spor. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg (Özel Ek A), 53-56. Erişim: https://ftrdergisi.com/uploads/sayilar/219/buyuk/53-561.pdf.
  • Kato, M., Nihei Green, F., Hotta, K., Tsukamoto, T., Kurita, Y., Kubo, A., & Takagi, H. (2020). The efficacy of stretching exercises on arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(16), 5643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165643.
  • Kocic, M., Stojanovic, Z., Nikolic, D., Lazovic, M., Grbic, R., Dimitrijevic, L., & Milenkovic, M. (2018). The effectiveness of group Otago exercise program on physical function in nursing home residents older than 65 years: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 75, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.12.001.
  • Lee, W.J.; Peng, L.N.; Lin, M.H.; Loh, C.H.; Chen, L.K. (2020). Determinants and indicators of successful ageing associated with mortality: A 4-year population-based study. Aging, 12, 2670–2679. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102769.
  • Manini T. (2011). Development of physical disability in older adults. Curr Aging Sci, 4(3), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609811104030184.
  • Moreira, N. B., da Silva, L. P., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2020). Aquatic exercise improves functional capacity, perceptual aspects, and quality of life in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders and risk of falling: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology, 142, 111135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111135.
  • Nick, N., Petramfar, P., Ghodsbin, F., Keshavarzi, S., & Jahanbin, I. (2016). The effect of yoga on balance and fear of falling in older adults. PM&R, 8(2), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.442
  • Oliveira, D.V., Favero, P.F., Codonhato, R., Moreira, C.R., Antunes, M.D., Nascimento, J.R.A.D. (2017) Investigation of the emotional and psychological factors of elderly persons frequenting ballroom dancing clubs. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol, 20, 797–804. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.170089.
  • Özmen, T., Gafuroğlu, Ü., Altun Güvenir, A., Ziraman, I., & Özkurt, B. (2017). Relationship between kinesiophobia, quadriceps muscle strength and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 20(1). Erişim: http://www.geriatri.dergisi.org/uploads/pdf/pdf_TJG_968.pdf.
  • Özmen, T., Gafuroğlu, Ü., Aliyeva, A., & Elverici, E. (2018). Relationship between core stability and dynamic balance in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 64(3), 239. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2018.1674.
  • Pratt, M., Norris, J., Lobelo, F., Roux, L. and Wang, G. (2014). The cost of physical inactivity: moving into the 21st century. Br J Sports Med, 48, 171-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091810.
  • Song, D., & Doris, S. F. (2019). Effects of a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise programme on the cognitive function and quality of life of community-dwelling elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: A randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud, 93, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.019.
  • Terkeş, N., & Bektaş, H. (2016). Yaşlı sağlığı ve teknoloji kullanımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 9(4), 153-159. Erişim: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/753001.
  • TÜİK (2013). Haber Bültenleri. Erişim: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13466.
  • TÜİK (2020). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2019. Erişim: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2019-33712.
  • WHO (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health. Erişim: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463.
  • Yıldırım, P. (2014). Tai Chi egzersizinin etkileri ve klinik uygulamaları. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 60 (Özel Sayı 2), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.5152/tftrd.2014.43799.
  • You, Y., Liu, J., Tang, M., Wang, D., & Ma, X. (2021). Effects of Tai Chi exercise on improving walking function and posture control in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 100(16). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025655.
  • Youkhana, S., Dean, C. M., Wolff, M., Sherrington, C., & Tiedemann, A. (2016). Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 45(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv175.

Physical Activity and Exercise in Elderly People

Year 2023, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 452 - 459, 28.04.2023

Tarık Özmen Nurcan Contarlı

Abstract

Life expectancy is increasing with the decrease in birth rates, control of infectious diseases, developments in nutrition and health services in the world and in our country. Aging is a process that all individuals will experience, including biological, psychological and social problems that cannot be stopped. Changes in physical and physiological functions that occur in the body with aging cause limitation in activities of daily living, deterioration in mental health and cognitive functions. Activity-restricting factors such as decrease in muscle and bone mass, increase in body fat percentage, decrease in maximum heart rate, cardiac output and maximum oxygen consumption lead to insufficient physical work capacity. Physical activity and exercise are critical in preventing non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis, some types of cancer, and Alzheimer's, maintaining independence and improving quality of life in old age. In addition, exercise intervention plays a fundamental role in preventing falls, which are common in the elderly and can lead to serious injuries and even death. Exercise programs including aerobic, resistance, balance and flexibility exercises should be encouraged in order to protect and improve health in the elderly.

Keywords

Physical activity Exercise Older people Health

References

  • Akgül, A., Tarakci, E., Arman, N., Büyükkaya, F., Irmak, H. S., & Karaaslan, T. (2018). Yaşlılarda denge, mobilite ve düşmenin değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(1), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2018-59723.
  • Anantanasuwong, D., Pengpid, S., Peltzer, K. (2022). Prevalence and associated factors of successful ageing among people 50 years and older in a National Community Sample in Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19, 10705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710705.
  • Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., ... & Craft, S. (2010). Aerobic exercise improves cognition for older adults with glucose intolerance, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 22(2), 569-579. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-100768.
  • Ballesteros, R. F. (2019). The concept of successful aging and related terms. In The Cambridge handbook of successful aging. Cambridge University Press.
  • Beckmann, M., Bruun-Olsen, V., Pripp, A. H., Bergland, A., Smith, T., & Heiberg, K. E. (2020). Effect of exercise interventions in the early phase to improve physical function after hip fracture–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiotherapy, 108, 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2020.04.009.
  • Brown, D. R., Carroll, D. D., Workman, L. M., Carlson, S. A., & Brown, D. W. (2014). Physical activity and health-related quality of life: US adults with and without limitations. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2673–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0739-z.
  • Cancela Carral, J. M., Pallin, E., Orbegozo, A., & Ayan Perez, C. (2017). Effects of three different chair-based exercise programs on people older than 80 years. Rejuvenation Research, 20(5), 411-419. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2017.1924.
  • Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 126. Retrived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424733/.
  • Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(7), 1510-1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.
  • Cristopoliski, F., Barela, J. A., Leite, N., Fowler, N. E., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2009). Stretching exercise program improves gait in the elderly. Gerontology, 55(6), 614-620. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235863.
  • Eckstrom, E., Neukam, S., Kalin, L., & Wright, J. (2020). Physical activity and healthy aging. Clin Geriatr Med, 36(4), 671-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2020.06.009.
  • Fedor, A., Garcia, S., & Gunstad, J. (2015). The effects of a brief, water-based exercise intervention on cognitive function in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(2), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv001.
  • Gao, X., Wang, L., Shen, F., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., & Niu, H. (2019). Dynamic walking stability of elderly people with various BMIs. Gait and Posture, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.027.
  • Güneş Gencer, GY. (Ed.). (2021). Yaşlılarda Rehabilitasyon. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • Hallegraeff, J. M., van der Schans, C. P., de Ruiter, R., & de Greef, M. H. (2012). Stretching before sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults: A randomized trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70068-1.
  • Holland, G. J., Tanaka, K., Shigematsu, R., & Nakagaichi, M. (2002). Flexibility and physical functions of older adults: A review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 10(2), 169-206. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.2.169.
  • Huston, P., & McFarlane, B. (2016). Health benefits of tai chi: What is the evidence? Canadian Family Physician, 62(11), 881-890. Retrived from: https://www.cfp.ca/content/62/11/881.short.
  • Karan, A. (2006). Yaşlılıkta egzersiz ve spor. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg (Özel Ek A), 53-56. Erişim: https://ftrdergisi.com/uploads/sayilar/219/buyuk/53-561.pdf.
  • Kato, M., Nihei Green, F., Hotta, K., Tsukamoto, T., Kurita, Y., Kubo, A., & Takagi, H. (2020). The efficacy of stretching exercises on arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults: A meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(16), 5643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165643.
  • Kocic, M., Stojanovic, Z., Nikolic, D., Lazovic, M., Grbic, R., Dimitrijevic, L., & Milenkovic, M. (2018). The effectiveness of group Otago exercise program on physical function in nursing home residents older than 65 years: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 75, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.12.001.
  • Lee, W.J.; Peng, L.N.; Lin, M.H.; Loh, C.H.; Chen, L.K. (2020). Determinants and indicators of successful ageing associated with mortality: A 4-year population-based study. Aging, 12, 2670–2679. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102769.
  • Manini T. (2011). Development of physical disability in older adults. Curr Aging Sci, 4(3), 184-191. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609811104030184.
  • Moreira, N. B., da Silva, L. P., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2020). Aquatic exercise improves functional capacity, perceptual aspects, and quality of life in older adults with musculoskeletal disorders and risk of falling: A randomized controlled trial. Experimental gerontology, 142, 111135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111135.
  • Nick, N., Petramfar, P., Ghodsbin, F., Keshavarzi, S., & Jahanbin, I. (2016). The effect of yoga on balance and fear of falling in older adults. PM&R, 8(2), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.442
  • Oliveira, D.V., Favero, P.F., Codonhato, R., Moreira, C.R., Antunes, M.D., Nascimento, J.R.A.D. (2017) Investigation of the emotional and psychological factors of elderly persons frequenting ballroom dancing clubs. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol, 20, 797–804. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-22562017020.170089.
  • Özmen, T., Gafuroğlu, Ü., Altun Güvenir, A., Ziraman, I., & Özkurt, B. (2017). Relationship between kinesiophobia, quadriceps muscle strength and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics/Türk Geriatri Dergisi, 20(1). Erişim: http://www.geriatri.dergisi.org/uploads/pdf/pdf_TJG_968.pdf.
  • Özmen, T., Gafuroğlu, Ü., Aliyeva, A., & Elverici, E. (2018). Relationship between core stability and dynamic balance in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 64(3), 239. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2018.1674.
  • Pratt, M., Norris, J., Lobelo, F., Roux, L. and Wang, G. (2014). The cost of physical inactivity: moving into the 21st century. Br J Sports Med, 48, 171-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091810.
  • Song, D., & Doris, S. F. (2019). Effects of a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise programme on the cognitive function and quality of life of community-dwelling elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: A randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud, 93, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.019.
  • Terkeş, N., & Bektaş, H. (2016). Yaşlı sağlığı ve teknoloji kullanımı. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 9(4), 153-159. Erişim: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/753001.
  • TÜİK (2013). Haber Bültenleri. Erişim: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13466.
  • TÜİK (2020). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2019. Erişim: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2019-33712.
  • WHO (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health. Erişim: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463.
  • Yıldırım, P. (2014). Tai Chi egzersizinin etkileri ve klinik uygulamaları. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 60 (Özel Sayı 2), 36-42. https://doi.org/10.5152/tftrd.2014.43799.
  • You, Y., Liu, J., Tang, M., Wang, D., & Ma, X. (2021). Effects of Tai Chi exercise on improving walking function and posture control in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 100(16). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025655.
  • Youkhana, S., Dean, C. M., Wolff, M., Sherrington, C., & Tiedemann, A. (2016). Yoga-based exercise improves balance and mobility in people aged 60 and over: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 45(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afv175.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Tarık Özmen 0000-0002-4483-9655

Nurcan Contarlı 0000-0003-3269-1056

Publication Date April 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özmen, T., & Contarlı, N. (2023). Yaşlılarda Fiziksel Aktivite ve Egzersiz. Unika Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 452-459.
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