PERİODONTAL VE SİSTEMİK HASTALIKLAR: BİLİŞSEL BOZUKLUKLAR

Hasan Hatipoğlu; Sibel Canbaz Kabay

Derleme

PERİODONTAL VE SİSTEMİK HASTALIKLAR: BİLİŞSEL BOZUKLUKLAR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 8 - 20, 28.02.2022

Hasan Hatipoğlu Sibel Canbaz Kabay

Öz

Periodontal hastalıklar toplumun geniş kesiminde bulunmaktadır. Son yıllarda periodontal hastalıklar ile sistemik hastalık/durumları irdeleyen artmış miktarda literatüre rastlamak mümkündür. Periodontal hastalıkların sistemik hastalıklar/durumlar ile ilişkisi iki yönlü olabilmektedir. Periodontal hastalıklar etkisi ile sistemik rahatsızlıklara/durumlara katkıda bulunabilirken, buna karşın tam tersi bir ilişkiye de rastlamak mümkündür. Toplumda bilişsel bozukluklarında (Ör. Alzheimer Hastalığı) önemli sayılacak bir miktarda izlenmesi dikkat çekicidir. Yapılan araştırmalarda periodontal hastalık ile bilişsel bozukluklar arasında bir ilişkinin olduğu yönünde ciddi verilere rastlamak mümkündür.
Bu geleneksel derlemede, hastalık patogenezleri ve periodontal hastalıklar ile bilişsel bozukluklar arasındaki olası ilişki irdelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontal hastalık, Alzheimer hastalığı, Bilişsel bozukluk

Kaynakça

1. Kim J, Amar S. Periodontal disease and systemic conditions: a bidirectional relationship. Odontology. 2006; 94(1):10-21.
2. Gulati M, Anand V, Jain N, et al. Essentials of periodontal medicine in preventive medicine. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(9):988-994.
3. Bansal M, Rastogi S, Vineeth NS. Influence of periodontal disease on systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm: a review. J Med Life. 2013; 6(2):126-130.
4. Weidlich P, Cimões R, Pannuti CM, Oppermann RV. Association between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22 Suppl 1:32-43.
5. Oppermann RV, Weidlich P, Musskopf ML. Periodontal disease and systemic complications. Braz Oral Res. 2012; 26 Suppl 1:39-47.
6. Hatipoglu H, Yaylak F, Gungor Y. A brief review on the periodontal health in metabolic syndrome patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015; 9(2):124-126.
7. Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017; 11(2):72-80.
8. Kinane DF, Attström R; European Workshop in Periodontology group B. Advances in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Group B consensus report of the fifth European Workshop in Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2005; 32 Suppl 6:130-131.
9. Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000. 2017; 75(1):7-23.
10. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017; 3:17038.
11. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2018; 89 Suppl 1:S9-S16.
12. Bartold PM. Lifestyle and periodontitis: The emergence of personalized periodontics. Periodontol 2000. 2018; 78:7–11.
13. Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, et al. Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance. Scientific World Journal. 2020; 2020:2146160.
14. Idrees MM, Azzeghaiby SN, Hammad MM, Kujan OB. Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(11) : 1373-1377.
15. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe´ E, Dahiya M, et al. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res 2014; 93(11): 1045–1053.
16. Graziani F, Karapetsa D, Alonso B, Herrera D. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease? Periodontol 2000. 2017; 75(1):152-188.
17. Loos BG. Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2005; 76(11 Suppl):2106-2115.
18. Thoden van Velzen SK, Abraham-Inpijn L, Moorer WR. Plaque and systemic disease: a reappraisal of the focal infection concept. J Clin Periodontol. 1984; 11(4):209-220.
19. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol. 1998; 3(1):108-120.
20. Dhakal A, Bobrin BD. Cognitive Deficits. [Updated 2020 Nov 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559052/
21. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangelos EG. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997; 9 Suppl 1:65-69.
22. Gımzal A, Yazgan C. Hafif Bilişsel Bozulma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2004; 15(4):309-316.
23. Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2): 111-128.
24. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M; Alzheimer's Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9503):2112-2117.
25. Silva MVF, Loures CMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):33.
26. Yavlal F, Aydın Güngör H. Demansta Klinik Bulgular. Nucl Med Semin 2016; 3:134-138.
27. Rabbito A, Dulewicz M, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. Biochemical Markers in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(6):1989.
28. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2011; 377(9770):1019-1031. 29. Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer's Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(24):5789.
30. Bolós M, Perea JR, Avila J. Alzheimer's disease as an inflammatory disease. Biomol Concepts. 2017;8(1):37-43.
31. Kamer AR, Craig RG, Dasanayake AP, Brys M, Glodzik-Sobanska L, de Leon MJ. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: possible role of periodontal diseases. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(4):242-250.
32. Holmes C, Butchart J. Systemic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Soc Trans. 2011; 39(4):898-901.
33. Perry VH, Teeling J. Microglia and macrophages of the central nervous system: the contribution of microglia priming and systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration. Semin Immunopathol. 2013; 35(5):601-612.
34. Sochocka M, Zwolińska K, Leszek J. The Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(7): 996-1009.
35. Topcuoğlu ES, Selekler K. Alzheimer Hastalığı. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 1998;1(2):63-67.
36. Gitto CA, Moroni MJ, Terezhalmy GT, Sandu S. The patient with Alzheimer's disease. Quintessence Int. 2001; 32(3):221-231.
37. Kamer AR, Morse DE, Holm-Pedersen P, Mortensen EL, Avlund K. Periodontal inflammation in relation to cognitive function in an older adult Danish population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 28(3):613-624.
38. Sung CE, Huang RY, Cheng WC, Kao TW, Chen WL. Association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment: Analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) III. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46(8):790-798.
39. Kaye EK, Valencia A, Baba N, Spiro A 3rd, Dietrich T, Garcia RI. Tooth loss and periodontal disease predict poor cognitive function in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58(4):713-718.
40. Demmer RT, Norby FL, Lakshminarayan K, Walker KA, Pankow JS, Folsom AR, Mosley T, Beck J, Lutsey PL. Periodontal disease and incident dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Neurology. 2020; 95(12):e1660-e1671.
41. Iwasaki M, Kimura Y, Yoshihara A, Ogawa H, Yamaga T, Sato M, Wada T, Sakamoto R, Ishimoto Y, Fukutomi E, Chen W, Imai H, Fujisawa M, Okumiya K, Taylor GW, Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Matsubayashi K. Oral health status in relation to cognitive function among older Japanese. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2015; 1(1):3-9.
42. Okamoto N, Morikawa M, Tomioka K, Yanagi M, Amano N, Kurumatani N. Association between tooth loss and the development of mild memory impairment in the elderly: the Fujiwara-kyo Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 44(3):777-786.
43. Park H, Suk SH, Cheong JS, Lee HS, Chang H, Do SY, Kang JS. Tooth loss may predict poor cognitive function in community-dwelling adults without dementia or stroke: the PRESENT project. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28(10):1518-1521.
44. Kim JM, Stewart R, Prince M, Kim SW, Yang SJ, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Dental health, nutritional status and recent-onset dementia in a Korean community population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007; 22(9):850-855.
45. Matthews JC, You Z, Wadley VG, Cushman M, Howard G. The association between self-reported tooth loss and cognitive function in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study: an assessment of potential pathways. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(4):379-390.
46. Naorungroj S, Schoenbach VJ, Wruck L, Mosley TH, Gottesman RF, Alonso A, Heiss G, Beck J, Slade GD. Tooth loss, periodontal disease, and cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015; 43(1):47-57. 47. Minn YK, Suk SH, Park H, Cheong JS, Yang H, Lee S, Do SY, Kang JS. Tooth loss is associated with brain white matter change and silent infarction among adults without dementia and stroke. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28(6):929-933.
48. Rubio MDC, Rudzinski JJ, Ramos C, Lifshitz F, Friedman SM, Nicolosi LN. Cognitive impairment related to arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease patients with severe periodontitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2020; 33(3):200-208.
49. Gil-Montoya JA, Sánchez-Lara I, Carnero-Pardo C, Fornieles-Rubio F, Montes J, Barrios R, Gonzalez-Moles MA, Bravo M. Oral Hygiene in the Elderly with Different Degrees of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(3):642-647.
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52. Gil-Montoya JA, Barrios R, Santana S, Sanchez-Lara I, Pardo CC, Fornieles-Rubio F, Montes J, Ramírez C, González-Moles MA, Burgos JS. Association Between Periodontitis and Amyloid β Peptide in Elderly People With and Without Cognitive Impairment. J Periodontol. 2017; 88(10):1051-1058.
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PERIODONTAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES: COGNITIVE DISORDERS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 8 - 20, 28.02.2022

Hasan Hatipoğlu Sibel Canbaz Kabay

Öz

Periodontal diseases are found in a large part of the society. In recent years, it is possible to encounter an increased amount of literature examining the possible relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases/conditions. The relationship of periodontal diseases with systemic diseases/conditions can be bidirectional. Periodontal diseases may contribute to systemic disorders/situations; it is possible to encounter an opposite relationship. It is noteworthy that cognitive disorders (eg. Alzheimer's Disease) are observed in a considerable amount in the population. It is possible to come across serious data in the studies that there is a relationship between periodontal disease and cognitive disorders.
In this traditional review, the pathogenesis of the diseases and the possible relationship between periodontal diseases and cognitive impairments will be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontal Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Cognitive Dysfunction

Kaynakça

1. Kim J, Amar S. Periodontal disease and systemic conditions: a bidirectional relationship. Odontology. 2006; 94(1):10-21.
2. Gulati M, Anand V, Jain N, et al. Essentials of periodontal medicine in preventive medicine. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4(9):988-994.
3. Bansal M, Rastogi S, Vineeth NS. Influence of periodontal disease on systemic disease: inversion of a paradigm: a review. J Med Life. 2013; 6(2):126-130.
4. Weidlich P, Cimões R, Pannuti CM, Oppermann RV. Association between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases. Braz Oral Res. 2008; 22 Suppl 1:32-43.
5. Oppermann RV, Weidlich P, Musskopf ML. Periodontal disease and systemic complications. Braz Oral Res. 2012; 26 Suppl 1:39-47.
6. Hatipoglu H, Yaylak F, Gungor Y. A brief review on the periodontal health in metabolic syndrome patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015; 9(2):124-126.
7. Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017; 11(2):72-80.
8. Kinane DF, Attström R; European Workshop in Periodontology group B. Advances in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Group B consensus report of the fifth European Workshop in Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2005; 32 Suppl 6:130-131.
9. Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000. 2017; 75(1):7-23.
10. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017; 3:17038.
11. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2018; 89 Suppl 1:S9-S16.
12. Bartold PM. Lifestyle and periodontitis: The emergence of personalized periodontics. Periodontol 2000. 2018; 78:7–11.
13. Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, et al. Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance. Scientific World Journal. 2020; 2020:2146160.
14. Idrees MM, Azzeghaiby SN, Hammad MM, Kujan OB. Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(11) : 1373-1377.
15. Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe´ E, Dahiya M, et al. Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990-2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res 2014; 93(11): 1045–1053.
16. Graziani F, Karapetsa D, Alonso B, Herrera D. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment of periodontitis: how many options for one disease? Periodontol 2000. 2017; 75(1):152-188.
17. Loos BG. Systemic markers of inflammation in periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2005; 76(11 Suppl):2106-2115.
18. Thoden van Velzen SK, Abraham-Inpijn L, Moorer WR. Plaque and systemic disease: a reappraisal of the focal infection concept. J Clin Periodontol. 1984; 11(4):209-220.
19. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol. 1998; 3(1):108-120.
20. Dhakal A, Bobrin BD. Cognitive Deficits. [Updated 2020 Nov 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559052/
21. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangelos EG. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997; 9 Suppl 1:65-69.
22. Gımzal A, Yazgan C. Hafif Bilişsel Bozulma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2004; 15(4):309-316.
23. Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(2): 111-128.
24. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, Hall K, Hasegawa K, Hendrie H, Huang Y, Jorm A, Mathers C, Menezes PR, Rimmer E, Scazufca M; Alzheimer's Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9503):2112-2117.
25. Silva MVF, Loures CMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):33.
26. Yavlal F, Aydın Güngör H. Demansta Klinik Bulgular. Nucl Med Semin 2016; 3:134-138.
27. Rabbito A, Dulewicz M, Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Mroczko B. Biochemical Markers in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(6):1989.
28. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2011; 377(9770):1019-1031. 29. Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer's Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25(24):5789.
30. Bolós M, Perea JR, Avila J. Alzheimer's disease as an inflammatory disease. Biomol Concepts. 2017;8(1):37-43.
31. Kamer AR, Craig RG, Dasanayake AP, Brys M, Glodzik-Sobanska L, de Leon MJ. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease: possible role of periodontal diseases. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4(4):242-250.
32. Holmes C, Butchart J. Systemic inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Soc Trans. 2011; 39(4):898-901.
33. Perry VH, Teeling J. Microglia and macrophages of the central nervous system: the contribution of microglia priming and systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration. Semin Immunopathol. 2013; 35(5):601-612.
34. Sochocka M, Zwolińska K, Leszek J. The Infectious Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(7): 996-1009.
35. Topcuoğlu ES, Selekler K. Alzheimer Hastalığı. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 1998;1(2):63-67.
36. Gitto CA, Moroni MJ, Terezhalmy GT, Sandu S. The patient with Alzheimer's disease. Quintessence Int. 2001; 32(3):221-231.
37. Kamer AR, Morse DE, Holm-Pedersen P, Mortensen EL, Avlund K. Periodontal inflammation in relation to cognitive function in an older adult Danish population. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012; 28(3):613-624.
38. Sung CE, Huang RY, Cheng WC, Kao TW, Chen WL. Association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment: Analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) III. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46(8):790-798.
39. Kaye EK, Valencia A, Baba N, Spiro A 3rd, Dietrich T, Garcia RI. Tooth loss and periodontal disease predict poor cognitive function in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58(4):713-718.
40. Demmer RT, Norby FL, Lakshminarayan K, Walker KA, Pankow JS, Folsom AR, Mosley T, Beck J, Lutsey PL. Periodontal disease and incident dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). Neurology. 2020; 95(12):e1660-e1671.
41. Iwasaki M, Kimura Y, Yoshihara A, Ogawa H, Yamaga T, Sato M, Wada T, Sakamoto R, Ishimoto Y, Fukutomi E, Chen W, Imai H, Fujisawa M, Okumiya K, Taylor GW, Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Matsubayashi K. Oral health status in relation to cognitive function among older Japanese. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2015; 1(1):3-9.
42. Okamoto N, Morikawa M, Tomioka K, Yanagi M, Amano N, Kurumatani N. Association between tooth loss and the development of mild memory impairment in the elderly: the Fujiwara-kyo Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015; 44(3):777-786.
43. Park H, Suk SH, Cheong JS, Lee HS, Chang H, Do SY, Kang JS. Tooth loss may predict poor cognitive function in community-dwelling adults without dementia or stroke: the PRESENT project. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28(10):1518-1521.
44. Kim JM, Stewart R, Prince M, Kim SW, Yang SJ, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Dental health, nutritional status and recent-onset dementia in a Korean community population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007; 22(9):850-855.
45. Matthews JC, You Z, Wadley VG, Cushman M, Howard G. The association between self-reported tooth loss and cognitive function in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study: an assessment of potential pathways. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(4):379-390.
46. Naorungroj S, Schoenbach VJ, Wruck L, Mosley TH, Gottesman RF, Alonso A, Heiss G, Beck J, Slade GD. Tooth loss, periodontal disease, and cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015; 43(1):47-57. 47. Minn YK, Suk SH, Park H, Cheong JS, Yang H, Lee S, Do SY, Kang JS. Tooth loss is associated with brain white matter change and silent infarction among adults without dementia and stroke. J Korean Med Sci. 2013; 28(6):929-933.
48. Rubio MDC, Rudzinski JJ, Ramos C, Lifshitz F, Friedman SM, Nicolosi LN. Cognitive impairment related to arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease patients with severe periodontitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2020; 33(3):200-208.
49. Gil-Montoya JA, Sánchez-Lara I, Carnero-Pardo C, Fornieles-Rubio F, Montes J, Barrios R, Gonzalez-Moles MA, Bravo M. Oral Hygiene in the Elderly with Different Degrees of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(3):642-647.
50. Ribas ME, Muniz FWMG, Steffens T, Gomes A, Volpato N, Volpato N, Kociczeski G, Pitoni L, Bertol EC, Roginski AC, Amaral AU, Diefenthaeler H, Rösing CK. The Effect of Periodontal Diseases and Cognitive Deficit on Behavioral State, Oxidative Stress Parameters and Alveolar Bone Loss in Rats. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2020; 22(4):156-165.
51. Kamer AR, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, Rusinek H, Vallabhajosula S, Mosconi L, Yi L, McHugh P, Craig RG, Svetcov S, Linker R, Shi C, Glodzik L, Williams S, Corby P, Saxena D, de Leon MJ. Periodontal disease associates with higher brain amyloid load in normal elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2015; 36(2):627-633.
52. Gil-Montoya JA, Barrios R, Santana S, Sanchez-Lara I, Pardo CC, Fornieles-Rubio F, Montes J, Ramírez C, González-Moles MA, Burgos JS. Association Between Periodontitis and Amyloid β Peptide in Elderly People With and Without Cognitive Impairment. J Periodontol. 2017; 88(10):1051-1058.
53. Holmer J, Eriksdotter M, Schultzberg M, Pussinen PJ, Buhlin K. Association between periodontitis and risk of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and subjective cognitive decline: A case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45(11):1287-1298.
54. Holmer J, Aho V, Eriksdotter M, Paulin L, Pietiäinen M, Auvinen P, Schultzberg M, Pussinen PJ, Buhlin K. Subgingival microbiota in a population with and without cognitive dysfunction. J Oral Microbiol. 2021;13(1):1854552.
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Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm	Periodontology
Yazarlar	Hasan Hatipoğlu 0000-0002-1709-554X Sibel Canbaz Kabay 0000-0003-4808-2191
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Şubat 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	5 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Hatipoğlu H, Canbaz Kabay S. PERİODONTAL VE SİSTEMİK HASTALIKLAR: BİLİŞSEL BOZUKLUKLAR. Dent & Med J - R. 2022;4(1):8-20.

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

"Dünyada herşey için, medeniyet için, hayat için, başarı için en gerçek yol gösterici ilimdir, fendir. İlim ve fennin dışında yol gösterici aramak gaflettir, cahilliktir, doğru yoldan sapmaktır. Yalnız ilmin ve fenin yaşadığımız her dakikadaki safhalarının gelişimini anlamak ve ilerlemeleri zamanında takip etmek şarttır. Bin, iki bin, binlerce yıl önceki ilim ve fen lisanının koyduğu kuralları, şu kadar bin yıl sonra bugün aynen uygulamaya kalkışmak elbette ilim ve fennin içinde bulunmak değildir."

M. Kemal ATATÜRK