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Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.04.2021

Muhammet Mesut Nezir Engin Öner Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.856165
Cited By: 2

Öz

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seemed in Wuhan, China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 infection in human was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has now infected more than 69 million people worldwide, becoming an epidemic responsible for more than 1,5 million deaths until 10th of December 2020. The epidemic still continues. This epidemic is the third epidemic caused by coronaviruses in the 21st century and may be the most important infectious disease representing a major public health threat to the whole world. Treatments against COVID-19 are constantly updated in the literature, based on evidence. Unfortunately, there is no definitive cure for COVID-19, and a number of drugs for use in severe cases of COVID-19 are now being studied in a number of nonrandomized or randomized trials. These include chloroquine, steroids, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral agents. Immunological treatments such as convalescent plasma, intravenous immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab, eculizumab, itolizumab etc.), and anakinra treatments are tried in COVID-19 disease. Results from some trials look promising. Quite a few reports have also stood published so far on the use of immunological treatments for COVID-19 cases. In this review, we will discuss the key immunological treatments, mostly mentioned in the current literature, used in COVID-19 patients in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anakinra bamlanivimab COVID-19 convalescent plasma eculizumab intravenous immunoglobulin itolizumab monoclonal antibodies sarilumab siltuximab tocilizumab svilobelimab

Kaynakça

  • who.int [Internet]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report - 32. [Cited: 2020 June 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200221-sitrep-32-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4802d089_2.
  • Gasparyan AY, Misra DP, Yessirkepov M, Zimba O. Perspectives of immune therapy in coronavirus disease 2019. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(18):e176.
  • She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: disease characteristics in children. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):747-54.
  • Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses 2020;12(3):254.
  • Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395(10223):514-23.
  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • Franchini M. Why should we use convalescent plasma for COVID-19? Eur J Intern Med. 2020;77:150-1.
  • Özdemir Ö. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): diagnosis and management. Erciyes Med J. 2020;42(3):242-7.
  • Özdemir Ö, Pala A. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of pediatric COVID-19 infection. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;1(Special Issue):14-21.
  • Kılıçaslan Ö, Sav NM, Erişen Karaca S, Kocabay K. COVID-19 disease in children: clinical course, diagnosis and treatment overview and literature data compilation. Konuralp Med J. 2020;12(2):316-25.
  • Sahu KK, Jindal V, Siddiqui AD, Cerny J, Gerber JM. Convalescent plasma therapy: A passive therapy for an aggressive COVID‐19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2251-3.
  • Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID‐19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1545-8.
  • Pawar AY, Hiray AP, Sonawane DD, Bhambar RS, Derle DV, Ahire YS. Convalescent plasma: A possible treatment protocol for COVID-19 patients suffering from diabetes or underlying liver diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):665-9.
  • Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020;117(17):9490-6.
  • Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-9.
  • Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Chest. 2020;158(1):e9-e13.
  • Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang F, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1890-901.
  • Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(14):e149.
  • Rajendran K, Krishnasamy N, Rangarajan J, Rathinam J, Natarajan M, Ramachandran A. Convalescent plasma transfusion for the treatment of COVID‐19: systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1475-83.
  • Mair-Jenkins J, Saavedra-Campos M, Baillie JK, Cleary P, Khaw FM, Lim WS, et al. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(1):80-90.
  • Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S, Lv J, Zhang X, Guo L, et al., Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832.
  • Wu F, Wang A, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen J, Xia S, et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365.
  • Hendrickson JE, Hillyer CD. Noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(3):759-69.
  • Nguyen AA, Habiballah SB, Platt CD, Geha RS, Chou JS, McDonald DR. Immunoglobulins in the treatment of COVID-19 infection: Proceed with caution. Clin Immunol. 2020;216:108459.
  • Özdemir Ö, Arsoy HEM. Convalescent (immune) plasma therapy with all aspects: Yesterday, today and COVID-19. Erciyes Med J. 2020;42(3):252-9.
  • Özdemir Ö, Erkun O. Solving puzzle of the immunopathogenesis for management of COVID-19 disease. MOJ Immunol. 2020;7(1):13-5.
  • Arsoy HEM, Özdemir Ö. Current therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. Bezmialem Science. 2020;8(Supplement 3):105-16.
  • Jawhara S. Could intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2272.
  • Diep BA, Le VT, Badiou C, Le HN, Pinheiro MG, Duong AH, et al. IVIG-mediated protection against necrotizing pneumonia caused by MRSA. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(357):357ra124.
  • Gauduchon V, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Genestier AL, Eyssade N, Peyrol S, et al. Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(2):346-53.
  • Krause I, Wu R, Sherer Y, Patanik M, Peter JB, Shoenfeld Y. In vitro antiviral and antibacterial activity of commercial intravenous immunoglobulin preparations--a potential role for adjuvant intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in infectious diseases. Transfus Med. 2002;12(2):133-9.
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  • Díaz Y, Ramos-Suzarte M, Martín Y, Calderón NA, Santiago W, Viñet O, et al. Use of a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (itolizumab) in elderly patients with moderate COVID-19. Gerontology. 2020;66(6):553-61.
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COVID-19 Hastalarında Potansiyel İmmünolojik Tedaviler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 1 - 9, 30.04.2021

Muhammet Mesut Nezir Engin Öner Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.856165
Cited By: 2

Öz

Şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu koronavirüsü 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) Aralık 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan kentinde görüldü. İnsanlarda SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyonu koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) olarak adlandırıldı. Şu anda dünya çapında 69 milyondan fazla insanı enfekte etti ve 10 Aralık 2020'ye kadar 1,5 milyondan fazla ölümden sorumlu bir salgın haline geldi. Salgın hala devam ediyor. Bu salgın, 21. yüzyılda koronavirüslerin neden olduğu üçüncü salgındır ve tüm dünya için önemli bir halk sağlığı tehdidini temsil eden en önemli bulaşıcı hastalık olabilir. COVID-19'a karşı tedaviler, kanıta dayalı olarak literatürde sürekli olarak güncellenmektedir. Ne yazık ki, COVID-19 için kesin bir tedavi yoktur ve şiddetli COVID-19 vakalarında kullanılmak üzere bir dizi ilaç şu anda bir dizi randomize olmayan veya randomize çalışmada incelenmektedir. Bunlar arasında klorokin, steroidler, anti-enflamatuar ve antiviral ajanlar bulunmaktadır. COVID-19 hastalığında konvalesan plazma, intravenöz immünoglobulin, monoklonal antikorlar (tocilizumab, eculizumab, itolizumab vb.) ve anakinra tedavileri gibi immünolojik tedaviler denenmektedir. Bazı çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar umut verici görünmektedir. COVID-19 vakalarında immünolojik tedavilerin kullanımı hakkında şimdiye kadar çok az sayıda rapor yayınlandı. Bu derlemede, COVID-19 hastalarında kullanılan ve çoğunlukla güncel literatürde bahsedilen temel immünolojik tedaviler ayrıntılı olarak tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anakinra bamlanivimab COVID-19 konvalesan plazma eculizumab intravenöz immünoglobulin itolizumab monoklonal antikorlar sarilumab siltuximab tocilizumab svilobelimab

Kaynakça

  • who.int [Internet]. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report - 32. [Cited: 2020 June 27]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200221-sitrep-32-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4802d089_2.
  • Gasparyan AY, Misra DP, Yessirkepov M, Zimba O. Perspectives of immune therapy in coronavirus disease 2019. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(18):e176.
  • She J, Liu L, Liu W. COVID-19 epidemic: disease characteristics in children. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):747-54.
  • Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses 2020;12(3):254.
  • Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395(10223):514-23.
  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • Franchini M. Why should we use convalescent plasma for COVID-19? Eur J Intern Med. 2020;77:150-1.
  • Özdemir Ö. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): diagnosis and management. Erciyes Med J. 2020;42(3):242-7.
  • Özdemir Ö, Pala A. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of pediatric COVID-19 infection. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;1(Special Issue):14-21.
  • Kılıçaslan Ö, Sav NM, Erişen Karaca S, Kocabay K. COVID-19 disease in children: clinical course, diagnosis and treatment overview and literature data compilation. Konuralp Med J. 2020;12(2):316-25.
  • Sahu KK, Jindal V, Siddiqui AD, Cerny J, Gerber JM. Convalescent plasma therapy: A passive therapy for an aggressive COVID‐19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2251-3.
  • Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID‐19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1545-8.
  • Pawar AY, Hiray AP, Sonawane DD, Bhambar RS, Derle DV, Ahire YS. Convalescent plasma: A possible treatment protocol for COVID-19 patients suffering from diabetes or underlying liver diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):665-9.
  • Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020;117(17):9490-6.
  • Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-9.
  • Zhang B, Liu S, Tan T, Huang W, Dong Y, Chen L, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Chest. 2020;158(1):e9-e13.
  • Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang F, et al. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1890-901.
  • Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(14):e149.
  • Rajendran K, Krishnasamy N, Rangarajan J, Rathinam J, Natarajan M, Ramachandran A. Convalescent plasma transfusion for the treatment of COVID‐19: systematic review. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1475-83.
  • Mair-Jenkins J, Saavedra-Campos M, Baillie JK, Cleary P, Khaw FM, Lim WS, et al. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(1):80-90.
  • Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S, Lv J, Zhang X, Guo L, et al., Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021832.
  • Wu F, Wang A, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen J, Xia S, et al. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365.
  • Hendrickson JE, Hillyer CD. Noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(3):759-69.
  • Nguyen AA, Habiballah SB, Platt CD, Geha RS, Chou JS, McDonald DR. Immunoglobulins in the treatment of COVID-19 infection: Proceed with caution. Clin Immunol. 2020;216:108459.
  • Özdemir Ö, Arsoy HEM. Convalescent (immune) plasma therapy with all aspects: Yesterday, today and COVID-19. Erciyes Med J. 2020;42(3):252-9.
  • Özdemir Ö, Erkun O. Solving puzzle of the immunopathogenesis for management of COVID-19 disease. MOJ Immunol. 2020;7(1):13-5.
  • Arsoy HEM, Özdemir Ö. Current therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. Bezmialem Science. 2020;8(Supplement 3):105-16.
  • Jawhara S. Could intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2272.
  • Diep BA, Le VT, Badiou C, Le HN, Pinheiro MG, Duong AH, et al. IVIG-mediated protection against necrotizing pneumonia caused by MRSA. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(357):357ra124.
  • Gauduchon V, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Genestier AL, Eyssade N, Peyrol S, et al. Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(2):346-53.
  • Krause I, Wu R, Sherer Y, Patanik M, Peter JB, Shoenfeld Y. In vitro antiviral and antibacterial activity of commercial intravenous immunoglobulin preparations--a potential role for adjuvant intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in infectious diseases. Transfus Med. 2002;12(2):133-9.
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  • Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG modulate the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(3):176-89.
  • Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(3):ofaa102.
  • Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, Li T. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):727-32.
  • Quinti I, Lougaris V, Milito C, Cinetto F, Pecoraro A, Mezzaroma I, et al. A possible role for B cells in COVID-19? Lesson from patients with agammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):211-13.e4.
  • Lanza M, Polistina GE, Imitazione P, Annunziata A, Spirito VD, Novella C. Successful intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in severe COVID-19 pneumonia. IDCases. 2020;21:e00794.
  • Xie Y, Cao S, Dong H, Li Q, Chen E, Zhang W, et al. Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(2):318-56.
  • Mohtadi N, Ghaysouri A, Shirazi S, Ansari S, Shafiee E, Bastani E, et al. Recovery of severely ill COVID-19 patients by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment: A case series. Virology. 2020;548:1-5.
  • Köhler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975;256(5517):495-7.
  • gavi.org [Internet]. Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance. What are monoclonal antibodies - and can they treat Covid-19? [Cited: 2020 December 12]. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-monoclonal-antibodies-and-can-they-treat-covid-19.
  • Luo P, Liu Y, Qiu L, Liu X, Liu D, Li J. Tocilizumab treatment in COVID‐19: A single center experience. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):814-8.
  • Palanques-Pastor T, López-Briz E, Poveda Andrés JL. Involvement of interleukin 6 in SARS-CoV-2 infection: siltuximab as a therapeutic option against COVID-19. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2020;27(5):297-8.
  • Diurno F, Numis FG, Porta G, Cirillo F, Maddaluno S, Ragozzino A, et al. Eculizumab treatment in patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from real life ASL Napoli 2 Nord experience. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(7):4040-7.
  • Mahase E. Covid-19: FDA authorises neutralising antibody bamlanivimab for non-admitted patients. BMJ. 2020;371:m4362.
  • fda.gov [Internet]. Food and Drug Administration. Bamlanivimab EUA Letter of Authorization, November 10, 2020. [Cited: 2020 December 12]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/143602/download.
  • Vlaar APJ, de Bruin S, Busch M, Timmermans SAMEG, van Zeggeren IE, Koning R, et al. Anti-C5a antibody IFX-1 (vilobelimab) treatment versus best supportive care for patients with severe COVID-19 (PANAMO): an exploratory, open-label, phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(12):e764-73.
  • Díaz Y, Ramos-Suzarte M, Martín Y, Calderón NA, Santiago W, Viñet O, et al. Use of a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (itolizumab) in elderly patients with moderate COVID-19. Gerontology. 2020;66(6):553-61.
  • Kaur S, Bansal Y, Kumar R, Bansal G. A panoramic review of IL‐6: structure, pathophysiological roles and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2020;28(5):115327.
  • Navarro G, Taroumian S, Barroso N, Duan L, Furst D. Tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of efficacy and selected clinical conundrums. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;43(4):458-69.
  • Yokota S, Miyamae T, Imagawa T, Iwata N, Katakura S, Mori M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(3):818-25.
  • Nishimoto N, Kanakura Y, Aozasa K, Johkoh T, Nakamura M, Nakano S, et al. Humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody treatment of multicentric Castleman disease. Blood 2005;106(8):2627-32.
  • Ito H, Takazoe M, Fukuda Y, Hibi T, Kusugami K, Andoh A, et al. A pilot randomized trial of a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(4):989-96.
  • Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, et al. Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(20):10970-5.
  • Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, Garrafa E, Regola F, Castelli F, et al. Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev 2020;19(7):102568.
  • Sciascia S, Aprà F, Baffa A, Baldovino S, Boaro D, Boero R, et al. Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(3):529-32.
  • Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, De Luca G, Ripa M, Boffini N, et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 patients: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med 2020;76:43-9.
  • Klopfenstein T, Zayet S, Lohse A, Balblanc JC, Badie J, Royer PY, et al. Tocilizumab therapy reduced intensive care unit admissions and/or mortality in COVID-19 patients. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(5):397-400.
  • Tleyjeh IM, Kashour Z, Damlaj M, Riaz M, Tlayjeh M, Altannir M, et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;[Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.036.
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  • Annane D, Heming N, Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Vigan M, Roux AL, et al. Eculizumab as an emergency treatment for adult patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: A proof-of-concept study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;28:100590.
  • Atal S, Fatima Z, Balakrishnan S. Approval of itolizumab for COVID-19: A premature decision or need of the hour? BioDrugs. 2020;34(6):705-11.
  • Díaz Y, Ramos-Suzarte M, Martín Y, Calderón NA, Santiago W, Viñet O, et al. Use of a humanized anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody (itolizumab) in elderly patients with moderate COVID-19. Gerontology. 2020;66(6):553-61.
  • fda.gov [Internet]. Food and Drug Administration. US Anakinra label, May 2016. [Cited: 2020 December 14]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/103950s5175lbl.pdf.
  • Singh JA, Hossain A, Tanjong Ghogomu E, Kotb A, Christensen R, Mudano AS, et al. Biologics or tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis in incomplete responders to methotrexate or other traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;5:CD012183.
  • Canna SW, Behrens EM. Making sense of the cytokine storm: a conceptual framework for understanding, diagnosing, and treating hemophagocytic syndromes. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2012;59(2):329-44.
  • Gusdorf L, Lipsker D. Schnitzler Syndrome: a review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017;19(8):46.
  • Huet T, Beaussier H, Voisin O, Jouveshomme S, Dauriat G, Lazareth I, et al. Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: a cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(7):e393-400.
  • Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Ripa M, Canetti D, et al. Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(6):e325-31.
  • Navarro-Millán I, Sattui SE, Lakhanpal A, Zisa D, Siegel CH, Crow MK. Use of anakinra to prevent mechanical ventilation in severe COVID-19: A case series. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(12):1990-7.
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Davetli Derleme
Yazarlar

Muhammet Mesut Nezir Engin 0000-0002-0874-6857

Öner Özdemir 0000-0002-5338-9561

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Engin, M. M. N., & Özdemir, Ö. (2021). Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients. Duzce Medical Journal, 23(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.856165
AMA Engin MMN, Özdemir Ö. Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients. Duzce Med J. Nisan 2021;23(1):1-9. doi:10.18678/dtfd.856165
Chicago Engin, Muhammet Mesut Nezir, ve Öner Özdemir. “Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients”. Duzce Medical Journal 23, sy. 1 (Nisan 2021): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.856165.
EndNote Engin MMN, Özdemir Ö (01 Nisan 2021) Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients. Duzce Medical Journal 23 1 1–9.
IEEE M. M. N. Engin ve Ö. Özdemir, “Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients”, Duzce Med J, c. 23, sy. 1, ss. 1–9, 2021, doi: 10.18678/dtfd.856165.
ISNAD Engin, Muhammet Mesut Nezir - Özdemir, Öner. “Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients”. Duzce Medical Journal 23/1 (Nisan 2021), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.18678/dtfd.856165.
JAMA Engin MMN, Özdemir Ö. Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients. Duzce Med J. 2021;23:1–9.
MLA Engin, Muhammet Mesut Nezir ve Öner Özdemir. “Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients”. Duzce Medical Journal, c. 23, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 1-9, doi:10.18678/dtfd.856165.
Vancouver Engin MMN, Özdemir Ö. Potential Immunological Treatments in COVID-19 Patients. Duzce Med J. 2021;23(1):1-9.

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