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The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 23 - 28, 28.03.2024

Yeliz Kaya Vehbi Tokgöz Esin Dalyan Hüseyin Mete Tanır

Öz

Introduction: Caffeine is a commonly used ingredient nowadays all over the world. Despite widespread caffeine consumption, there is insufficient knowledge about its effects. Caffeine has a wide clinical spectrum and it may have different effects on different groups, such as adults, pregnant women, or babies. The aim of this study was to investigate caffeine intake habits during the trimesters of pregnancy and the effect of caffeine consumption levels on neonatal health.
Methods: 42 women were included in the study. The Daily Caffeine Intake Levels were collected ana the Birth Information Form was completed after witnessing the birth and a review of the mother’s files.
Findings: The average daily caffeine intake levels were 509.8±353.2 mg and 193.7±116.5 mg pre-pregnancy and on average during the pregnancy period. There was no correlation between any type of socio-demographic findings and the average caffeine intake at any period of the pregnancy period, included the pre-conceptional period. It was also found that birth weight and height, and the 1 and 5 minute Apgar score decreased when caffeine intake was higher in the trimesters of the pregnancy.
Results: The level of caffeine intake among pregnant women is still at a high level all over the world. The main goal of reducing caffeine consumption is to achieve healthy offspring. In clinical practice, the nurses should give education about the harmful effect of caffeine on fetal and neonatal health to pregnant and should encourage them to avoid decreasing the caffeine consumption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Caffeine intake pregnancy newborn nursing

Kaynakça

  • 1. Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Parkes J. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. 2017; 359:j5024.
  • 2. Henderson-Smart DJ, De Paoli AG. Methylxanthine treatment for apnea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8:CD000140.
  • 3. Hahn KA, Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Brogly SB, Sørensen HT, et al. Caffeine and caffeinated beverage consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod. 2015;30:1246-55.
  • 4. Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:131-56.
  • 5. Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, Garrard L, Keogh G, King LG, et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29:725-34.
  • 6. ACOG CommitteeOpinion No. 462: Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:467-8.
  • 7. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Agriculture. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2015.
  • 8. European Food Safety Authority. Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies. Scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J. 2015;13:4102.
  • 9. National Health Service. Should I limit caffeine during pregnancy? 2018. Available at: https://www. nhs. uk/ common- health- questions/ pregnancy/ should- i- limit- caffeine- during- pregnancy/ Accessed June 12,2018.
  • 10. Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, Brorby GP, Britt J, Myers E, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109:585–648.
  • 11. Rhee J, Kim R, Kim Y, Tam M, Lai Y, Keum N, et al. Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0132334.
  • 12. Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:1233-44.
  • 13. Nojima T, Naito H, Kosaki Y, Osako T, Tanaka K, Murata A, et al. Caffeine Intoxication in Pregnancy; a case Report. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2019; 7:e67.
  • 14. Jahanfar S, Jaafar SH. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9:CD006965.
  • 15. Qian J, Chen Q, Ward SM, Duan E, Zhang Y. Impacts of Caffeine during Pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31:218-27.
  • 16. Sasaki S, Limpar M, Sata F, Kobayashi S, Kishi R. Interaction between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and CYP1A2 C164A polymorphism affects infant birth size in the Hokkaido study. Pediatr Res. 2017;82:19-28.
  • 17. Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51:83-133.
  • 18. Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:460-6.
  • 19. Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, Vuori J, Puukka M. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147:939-42.
  • 20. Daly JW. Alkylxanthines as research tools. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000;81:44-52.
  • 21. Madendag IC, Sahin ME, Aydin E, Madendag Y. Effect of coffee consumption on fetal renal artery blood flow and amniotic fluid volume in third trimester of pregnancy. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36:735-9.
  • 22. Voerman E, Jaddoe VW, Hulst ME, Oei EH, Gaillard R. Associations of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with abdominal and liver fat deposition in childhood. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:e12607.
  • 23. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:279.
  • 24. Lamy S, Houivet E, Benichou J, Marret S, Thibaut F; Perinatal network of Upper-Normandy. Caffeine use during pregnancy: prevalence of use and newborn consequences in a cohort of French pregnant women. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;271:941-50.
  • 25. Aagaard SK, Larsen A, Andreasen MF, Lesnikova I, Telving R, Vestergaard AL, et al. Prevalence of xenobiotic substances in first-trimester blood samples from Danish pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018390.
  • 26. Chen L, Bell EM, Browne ML, Druschel CM, Romitti PA; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Exploring maternal patterns of dietary caffeine consumption before conception and during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:2446-55.
  • 27. Berglundh S, Vollrath M, Brantsæter AL, Brandlistuen R, Solé-Navais P, Jacobsson B, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment up to eight years of age-Results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:791-805.
  • 28. Peacock A, Hutchinson D, Wilson J, McCormack C, Bruno R, Olsson CA, et al. Adherence to the Caffeine Intake Guideline during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10:319. 29. Crozier SR, Robinson SM, Borland SE, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Inskip HM; SWS Study Group. Do women change their health behaviours in pregnancy? Findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23:446-53.
  • 30. Hoyt AT, Browne M, Richardson S, Romitti P, Druschel C; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age births: results from a population-based case-control study. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:1540-51.
  • 31. Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Leaderer BP. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:456-66.
  • 32. CARE Study Group. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2332.
  • 33. Chen LW, Fitzgerald R, Murrin CM, Mehegan J, Kelleher CC, Phillips CM; Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study. Associations of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes: results from the Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108:1301-8.
  • 34. Sengpiel V, Elind E, Bacelis J, Nilsson S, Grove J, Myhre R, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study. BMC Med. 2013;11:42.
  • 35. Bech BH, Frydenberg M, Henriksen TB, Obel C,Olsen C. Coffee consumption during pregnancy and birth weight: does smoking modify the association? J Caffeine Res. 2015;5:65–72.
  • 36. Jin F, Qiao C. Association of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with low birth weight, childhood overweight, and obesity: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:279-87.
  • 37. Wierzejska R, Jarosz M, Wojda B. Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Neonatal Anthropometric Parameters. Nutrients. 2019;11:806.
  • 38. Gleason JL, Tekola-Ayele F, Sundaram R, Hinkle SN, Vafai Y, Buck Louis GM, et al. Association Between Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Metabolism and Neonatal Anthropometry: A Secondary Analysis of the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e213238.
  • 39. Modzelewska D, Bellocco R, Elfvin A, Brantsæter AL, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, et al. Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome - results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:80.
  • 40. Jarosz M, Wierzejska R, Siuba M. Maternal caffeine intake and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;160:156-60.

Gebelikte Kafein Tüketim Düzeyinin Yenidoğan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 23 - 28, 28.03.2024

Yeliz Kaya Vehbi Tokgöz Esin Dalyan Hüseyin Mete Tanır

Öz

Giriş: Kafein günümüzde tüm dünyada yaygın olarak kullanılan bir bileşendir. Yaygın kafein tüketimine rağmen, etkileri hakkında yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Kafein geniş bir klinik spektruma sahiptir ve yetişkinler, hamile kadınlar veya bebekler gibi farklı gruplar üzerinde farklı etkileri olabilir. Bu çalışmada gebeliğin trimesterleri boyunca kafein alım alışkanlıklarını ve kafein tüketim düzeylerinin yenidoğan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amaçlandı.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 42 kadın dahil edilmiştir. Günlük Kafein Tüketim Düzeyleri belirlenmiş, Doğum Bilgi Formu doğum sonrası annelerin dosyaları incelenerek doldurulmuştur.
Bulgular: Gebelik öncesi ve gebelik döneminde ortalama günlük kafein tüketim düzeyleri sırasıyla 509.8±353.2 mg ve 193.7±116.5 mg idi. Herhangi bir sosyodemografik bulgu ile gebelik öncesi dönem de dahil olmak üzere gebelik döneminin herhangi bir dönemindeki ortalama kafein alımı arasında bir korelasyon bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, gebeliğin trimesterlerinde kafein tüketim düzeyi arttıkça doğum ağırlığı ve bebeğin boyu ile 1. ve 5. dakika Apgar skorunun azaldığı bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Gebe kadınlar arasında kafein tüketim düzeyi tüm dünyada hala yüksek seviyededir. Kafein tüketimini azaltmanın temel amacı sağlıklı bebekler elde etmektir. Klinik uygulamalarda hemşireler, gebelere kafeinin fetal ve yenidoğan sağlığı üzerindeki zararlı etkileri hakkında eğitim vermeli ve onları kafein tüketimini azaltmaya teşvik etmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kafein tüketim gebelik yenidoğan hemşirelik

Kaynakça

  • 1. Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Parkes J. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. 2017; 359:j5024.
  • 2. Henderson-Smart DJ, De Paoli AG. Methylxanthine treatment for apnea in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;8:CD000140.
  • 3. Hahn KA, Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Brogly SB, Sørensen HT, et al. Caffeine and caffeinated beverage consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Hum Reprod. 2015;30:1246-55.
  • 4. Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017;37:131-56.
  • 5. Greenwood DC, Thatcher NJ, Ye J, Garrard L, Keogh G, King LG, et al. Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014;29:725-34.
  • 6. ACOG CommitteeOpinion No. 462: Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:467-8.
  • 7. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Scientific report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory report to the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Agriculture. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2015.
  • 8. European Food Safety Authority. Panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies. Scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA J. 2015;13:4102.
  • 9. National Health Service. Should I limit caffeine during pregnancy? 2018. Available at: https://www. nhs. uk/ common- health- questions/ pregnancy/ should- i- limit- caffeine- during- pregnancy/ Accessed June 12,2018.
  • 10. Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, Brorby GP, Britt J, Myers E, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;109:585–648.
  • 11. Rhee J, Kim R, Kim Y, Tam M, Lai Y, Keum N, et al. Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0132334.
  • 12. Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of pregnancy loss: a categorical and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19:1233-44.
  • 13. Nojima T, Naito H, Kosaki Y, Osako T, Tanaka K, Murata A, et al. Caffeine Intoxication in Pregnancy; a case Report. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2019; 7:e67.
  • 14. Jahanfar S, Jaafar SH. Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9:CD006965.
  • 15. Qian J, Chen Q, Ward SM, Duan E, Zhang Y. Impacts of Caffeine during Pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31:218-27.
  • 16. Sasaki S, Limpar M, Sata F, Kobayashi S, Kishi R. Interaction between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and CYP1A2 C164A polymorphism affects infant birth size in the Hokkaido study. Pediatr Res. 2017;82:19-28.
  • 17. Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51:83-133.
  • 18. Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine metabolism, genetics, and perinatal outcomes: a review of exposure assessment considerations during pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15:460-6.
  • 19. Kirkinen P, Jouppila P, Koivula A, Vuori J, Puukka M. The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147:939-42.
  • 20. Daly JW. Alkylxanthines as research tools. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000;81:44-52.
  • 21. Madendag IC, Sahin ME, Aydin E, Madendag Y. Effect of coffee consumption on fetal renal artery blood flow and amniotic fluid volume in third trimester of pregnancy. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36:735-9.
  • 22. Voerman E, Jaddoe VW, Hulst ME, Oei EH, Gaillard R. Associations of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with abdominal and liver fat deposition in childhood. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:e12607.
  • 23. Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:279.
  • 24. Lamy S, Houivet E, Benichou J, Marret S, Thibaut F; Perinatal network of Upper-Normandy. Caffeine use during pregnancy: prevalence of use and newborn consequences in a cohort of French pregnant women. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021;271:941-50.
  • 25. Aagaard SK, Larsen A, Andreasen MF, Lesnikova I, Telving R, Vestergaard AL, et al. Prevalence of xenobiotic substances in first-trimester blood samples from Danish pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018390.
  • 26. Chen L, Bell EM, Browne ML, Druschel CM, Romitti PA; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Exploring maternal patterns of dietary caffeine consumption before conception and during pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:2446-55.
  • 27. Berglundh S, Vollrath M, Brantsæter AL, Brandlistuen R, Solé-Navais P, Jacobsson B, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and child neurodevelopment up to eight years of age-Results from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:791-805.
  • 28. Peacock A, Hutchinson D, Wilson J, McCormack C, Bruno R, Olsson CA, et al. Adherence to the Caffeine Intake Guideline during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018;10:319. 29. Crozier SR, Robinson SM, Borland SE, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Inskip HM; SWS Study Group. Do women change their health behaviours in pregnancy? Findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2009;23:446-53.
  • 30. Hoyt AT, Browne M, Richardson S, Romitti P, Druschel C; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age births: results from a population-based case-control study. Matern Child Health J. 2014;18:1540-51.
  • 31. Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, Hellenbrand K, Leaderer BP. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:456-66.
  • 32. CARE Study Group. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: a large prospective observational study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2332.
  • 33. Chen LW, Fitzgerald R, Murrin CM, Mehegan J, Kelleher CC, Phillips CM; Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study. Associations of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes: results from the Lifeways Cross Generation Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108:1301-8.
  • 34. Sengpiel V, Elind E, Bacelis J, Nilsson S, Grove J, Myhre R, et al. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with birth weight but not with gestational length: results from a large prospective observational cohort study. BMC Med. 2013;11:42.
  • 35. Bech BH, Frydenberg M, Henriksen TB, Obel C,Olsen C. Coffee consumption during pregnancy and birth weight: does smoking modify the association? J Caffeine Res. 2015;5:65–72.
  • 36. Jin F, Qiao C. Association of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy with low birth weight, childhood overweight, and obesity: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:279-87.
  • 37. Wierzejska R, Jarosz M, Wojda B. Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Neonatal Anthropometric Parameters. Nutrients. 2019;11:806.
  • 38. Gleason JL, Tekola-Ayele F, Sundaram R, Hinkle SN, Vafai Y, Buck Louis GM, et al. Association Between Maternal Caffeine Consumption and Metabolism and Neonatal Anthropometry: A Secondary Analysis of the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e213238.
  • 39. Modzelewska D, Bellocco R, Elfvin A, Brantsæter AL, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, et al. Caffeine exposure during pregnancy, small for gestational age birth and neonatal outcome - results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:80.
  • 40. Jarosz M, Wierzejska R, Siuba M. Maternal caffeine intake and its effect on pregnancy outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;160:156-60.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yeliz Kaya 0000-0003-4277-3960

Vehbi Tokgöz 0000-0002-4113-385X

Esin Dalyan 0000-0001-9237-244X

Hüseyin Mete Tanır 0000-0003-2980-630X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, Y., Tokgöz, V., Dalyan, E., Tanır, H. M. (2024). The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health. Eskisehir Medical Journal, 5(1), 23-28.
AMA Kaya Y, Tokgöz V, Dalyan E, Tanır HM. The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health. Eskisehir Med J. Mart 2024;5(1):23-28.
Chicago Kaya, Yeliz, Vehbi Tokgöz, Esin Dalyan, ve Hüseyin Mete Tanır. “The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 5, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 23-28.
EndNote Kaya Y, Tokgöz V, Dalyan E, Tanır HM (01 Mart 2024) The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health. Eskisehir Medical Journal 5 1 23–28.
IEEE Y. Kaya, V. Tokgöz, E. Dalyan, ve H. M. Tanır, “The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health”, Eskisehir Med J, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 23–28, 2024.
ISNAD Kaya, Yeliz vd. “The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health”. Eskisehir Medical Journal 5/1 (Mart 2024), 23-28.
JAMA Kaya Y, Tokgöz V, Dalyan E, Tanır HM. The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health. Eskisehir Med J. 2024;5:23–28.
MLA Kaya, Yeliz vd. “The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health”. Eskisehir Medical Journal, c. 5, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 23-28.
Vancouver Kaya Y, Tokgöz V, Dalyan E, Tanır HM. The Effect of Caffeine Intake Levels During Pregnancy on Newborn Health. Eskisehir Med J. 2024;5(1):23-8.
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