Investigation of the relationship between childhood traumas, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation skills in adults

Kahraman Güler; Zeynep Gümüş Demir; Cansu Selin Yurtseven

doi:10.18621/eurj.1279884

Araştırma Makalesi

Investigation of the relationship between childhood traumas, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation skills in adults

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 166 - 177, 04.03.2024

Kahraman Güler Zeynep Gümüş Demir Cansu Selin Yurtseven

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1279884

Öz

Objectives: This paper looked into the relation between childhood traumas, resilience, cognitive flexibility, and adult emotion regulation skills in adults.

Methods: The sample, which is based on the relational screening model, includes 395 participants (female: 202, male: 193). Sociodemographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were applied to the participants to obtain the research data. Data collection was carried out online (google forms) through convenient sampling. The t-test was used to compare the study's quantitative data, and Pearson Correlation analysis was utilized to test the relationship between the scales. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was used for predictive analysis and finally PROCESS was used for mediator role analysis.

Results: The investigation's findings revealed that there is a statistically significant difference between the scores of the two groups compared. Findings showed that there is a moderately positive correlation between acceptance and CTQ scores, a weak positive correlation between acceptance and emotional abuse scores, a weak positive correlation with physical abuse scores, a weak positive correlation with physical neglect scores, a weak positive correlation with emotional neglect scores and weak positive correlation with sexual abuse scores. A weak and negative correlation exists between Putting into Perspective and the CTQ, an even weaker and negative correlation exists between Putting into Perspective and the Emotional Neglect and Sexual Abuse scores. Rumination scores have a weak and negative relationship with emotional abuse scores.

Conclusions: In order to prevent them from serving as the foundation for difficulties with adult mental health, it is crucial to understand the relationship between traumatic childhood events and psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive emotion regulation techniques. In order to assist people, analyze their thoughts and feelings, be aware of negative coping mechanisms, rigid, inflexible cognitive styles, and negative thinking patterns, clinical psychology practices will benefit from research on these characteristics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Childhood traumas, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation skills

Kaynakça

1. Folette VM, Ruzek JI. Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma. 2nd ed., New York: The Guilford Press. 2006
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3. Levine PA, Kline M. Bir çocuğun gözünden travma. İstanbul: Butik Yayıncılık. 2021.
4. Everett B, Gallop R. The link between childhood trauma and mental illness: effective interventions for mental health professionals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2001. doi: 10.4135/9781452205533
5. Heider D, Matschinger H, Bernert S, et al. Adverse parenting as a risk factor in the occurrence of anxiety disorders : a study in six European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(4):266-272. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0302-0.
6. Gibb BE, Chelminski I, Zimmerman M. Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24(4):256-263. doi: 10.1002/da.20238.
7. Kaplan HL, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2000: p. 2763.
8. Van der Kolk BA. Beden kayıt tutar: travmanın iyileşmesinde beyin, zihin ve beden. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi. 2018.
9. Lang AJ, Aarons GA, Gearity J, et al. Direct and indirect links between childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women's health. Behav Med. 2008;33(4):125-135. doi: 10.3200/BMED.33.4.125-136.
10. van der Vegt EJ, Tieman W, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Impact of early childhood adversities on adult psychiatric disorders: a study of international adoptees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44(9):724-731. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0494-6.
11. Klein DN, Arnow BA, Barkin JL, et al. Early adversity in chronic depression: clinical correlates and response to pharmacotherapy. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(8):701-710. doi: 10.1002/da.20577.
12. Dutra L, Bureau JF, Holmes B, Lyubchik A, Lyons-Ruth K. Quality of early care and childhood trauma: a prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(6):383-390. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7.
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14. Afifi TO, Enns MW, Cox BJ, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Sareen J. Child abuse and health-related quality of life in adulthood. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(10):797-804. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181567fdd.
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 166 - 177, 04.03.2024

Kahraman Güler Zeynep Gümüş Demir Cansu Selin Yurtseven

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1279884

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Folette VM, Ruzek JI. Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma. 2nd ed., New York: The Guilford Press. 2006
2. Nakazawa DJ. Kesintiye uğrayan çocukluk: olumsuz çocukluk deneyimleri bizi nasıl hasta eder ve nasıl iyileşebiliriz. İstanbul: Diyojen Yayıncılık. 2021.
3. Levine PA, Kline M. Bir çocuğun gözünden travma. İstanbul: Butik Yayıncılık. 2021.
4. Everett B, Gallop R. The link between childhood trauma and mental illness: effective interventions for mental health professionals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 2001. doi: 10.4135/9781452205533
5. Heider D, Matschinger H, Bernert S, et al. Adverse parenting as a risk factor in the occurrence of anxiety disorders : a study in six European countries. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43(4):266-272. doi: 10.1007/s00127-007-0302-0.
6. Gibb BE, Chelminski I, Zimmerman M. Childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depress Anxiety. 2007;24(4):256-263. doi: 10.1002/da.20238.
7. Kaplan HL, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2000: p. 2763.
8. Van der Kolk BA. Beden kayıt tutar: travmanın iyileşmesinde beyin, zihin ve beden. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi. 2018.
9. Lang AJ, Aarons GA, Gearity J, et al. Direct and indirect links between childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress disorder, and women's health. Behav Med. 2008;33(4):125-135. doi: 10.3200/BMED.33.4.125-136.
10. van der Vegt EJ, Tieman W, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Impact of early childhood adversities on adult psychiatric disorders: a study of international adoptees. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2009;44(9):724-731. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0494-6.
11. Klein DN, Arnow BA, Barkin JL, et al. Early adversity in chronic depression: clinical correlates and response to pharmacotherapy. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(8):701-710. doi: 10.1002/da.20577.
12. Dutra L, Bureau JF, Holmes B, Lyubchik A, Lyons-Ruth K. Quality of early care and childhood trauma: a prospective study of developmental pathways to dissociation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(6):383-390. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a653b7.
13. Greenfield EA, Marks NF. Profiles of physical and psychological violence in childhood as a risk factor for poorer adult health: evidence from the 1995-2005 National Survey of Midlife in the United States. J Aging Health. 2009;21(7):943-966. doi: 10.1177/0898264309343905.
14. Afifi TO, Enns MW, Cox BJ, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Sareen J. Child abuse and health-related quality of life in adulthood. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(10):797-804. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181567fdd.
15. Mills KL, Teesson M, Ross J, Peters L. Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):652-658. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.652.
16. Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38(4):444.e1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006.
17. Kingston S, Raghavan C. The relationship of sexual abuse, early initiation of substance use, and adolescent trauma to PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(1):65-68. doi: 10.1002/jts.20381.
18. Schwandt ML, Heilig M, Hommer DW, George DT, Ramchandani VA. Childhood trauma exposure and alcohol dependence severity in adulthood: mediation by emotional abuse severity and neuroticism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(6):984-992. doi: 10.1111/acer.12053.
19. Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31(1):7-26. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008.
20. John PB, Russell S, Russell PS. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among children and adolescents affected by tsunami disaster in Tamil Nadu. Disaster Manag Response. 2007;5(1):3-7. doi: 10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.001.
21. McDermott BM, Lee EM, Judd M, Gibbon P. Posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster. Can J Psychiatry. 2005;50(3):137-143. doi: 10.1177/070674370505000302.
22. Pratchett LC, Yehuda R. Foundations of posttraumatic stress disorder: does early life trauma lead to adult posttraumatic stress disorder? Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(2):477-491. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000186.
23. Gross JJ. The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Rev General Psychol. 1998;2:271-299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271.
24. Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26:41-54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
25. Berking M, Orth U, Wupperman P, Meier LL, Caspar F. Prospective effects of emotion-regulation skills on emotional adjustment. J Couns Psychol. 2008;55(4):485-494. doi: 10.1037/a0013589.
26. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev. 2000;71(3):543-562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164.
27. Parsons S, Kruijt AW, Fox E. A cognitive model of psychological resilience. J Exp Psychopathol. 2016;7:296-310. doi: 10.5127/jep.053415.
28. Taylor SE, Kemeny ME, Reed GM, Bower JE, Gruenewald TL. Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):99-109. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.99.
29. Masten AS. Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. Am Psychol. 2001;56(3):227-238. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227.
30. Salminen S, Perttula P, Puro V. Psychological resilience and occupational injuries. Psychology 2020;11(3):461-466. doi: 10.4236/psych.2020.113031.
31. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol. 1997;9(4):797-815. doi: 10.1017/s0954579497001442.
32. Masten AS. Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Dev. 2014;85(1):6-20. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12205.
33. Dennis JP, Vander Wal JS. The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognit Ther Res. 2010;34:241-253. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4.
34. Gabrys RL, Dixon K, Anisman H. Traumatic Life Events in Relation to Cognitive Flexibility: Moderating Role of the BDNF Val66Met Gene Polymorphism. Front Behav Neurosci. 2017;11:241. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00241.
35. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1132-1136. doi: 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132.
36. Aydemir Ö, Köroğlu E. Psikiyatride kullanılan klinik ölçekler. Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık. 2012.
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Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Psikiyatri
Bölüm	Original Article
Yazarlar	Kahraman Güler 0000-0002-0049-0658 Zeynep Gümüş Demir 0000-0003-4474-4813 Cansu Selin Yurtseven 0000-0002-0493-8704
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	3 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	4 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	10 Nisan 2023
Kabul Tarihi	21 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Güler K, Gümüş Demir Z, Yurtseven CS. Investigation of the relationship between childhood traumas, psychological resilience, cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation skills in adults. Eur Res J. Mart 2024;10(2):166-177. doi:10.18621/eurj.1279884

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