Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 722 - 731, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.994363

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1.Li X, Wang W, Zhao X. Transmission dynamics andevolutionary history of 2019-nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology 2020; 92(5):501-511
  • 2.Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, Zhang B. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(4):e17–e18. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8.
  • 3.Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 4.Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 382:1199-1207. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
  • 5. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health 2020;17(5): 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • 6. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(3): 228–229. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Sakaoğlu HH, Orbatu D, Emiroglu M, Çakır Ö. Spielberger state and trait anxiety level in healthcare professionals during the covid-19 outbreak: a case of tepecik hospital. The Journal of Tepecik Education and Research Hospital 2020;30:1-9. doi:10.5222/terh.2020.56873.
  • 8.Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. [Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2020; 38(0):E001. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063.
  • 9.Wu P. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 2009; 54:302–311. doi: 10.1192/bjp.194.5.478.
  • 10.Colak B, Sismanlar SG, Karakaya I, Etiler N, Bicer U. Vicarious traumatization in professionals working with sexually abused children. Anatolıan journal of psychıatry 2012; 13 (1): 51-58.
  • 11.The epidemiological group of emergency response mechanism of new coronavirus pneumonia in China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of new coronavirus pneumonia[J].Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020; 41(2):145-151.doı: 10.3760 /cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.
  • 12.Qi J, Xu J, Li B, Huang J, Yang Y, Zhang Z et al. The Evaluation of Sleep Disturbances for Chinese Frontline Medical Workers under the Outbreak of COVID-19. Sleep Medicine 2020; 72: 1-4
  • 13. Wang S, Xie L, Xu Y, Yu S, Yao B, Xiang D. Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occupational Medicine 2020; 70(5): 364-369. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074.
  • 14.Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507–513.
  • 15. Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, Lang Q, Liao C, Wang N et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan for fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of nursing management 2020; 28(5): 1002-1009. doi:10.1111/jonm.13014
  • 16. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 382 (13): 1199-1207. doı: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
  • 17. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 2020; 89(4): 242-250. Doı:10.1159/000507639 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2020; 87: 11-7.
  • 19. Enli TF, Koyuncu E, Özel Ş. A review of protectiveand risk factors affecting psychosocial health ofhealthcare workers in pandemics. Ankara Medical Journal 2020, 20: 488-504. doı: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418.
  • 20.Arpacı I, Karataş K, Baloğlu M. The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences 2020; 110108.
  • 21.Bride BR, Margaret M, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice 2004; 14:27-35.
  • 22.Yıldırım G, Kıdak, LB, Yurdabakan I. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale: an adaptation study. Psychiatry 2018; 19(1): 45-51.
  • 23. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research 1989; 28(2): 193-213.
  • 24. Agargun MY, Kara H, Anlar O. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 7(2): 107-115. 25. Izci F. COVID-19 Pandemy and Health Workers. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 21(3):335.
  • 26. Ornell F, Halpern SC, Kessler F, Narvaez J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2020; 36(4): e00063520. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00063520
  • 27. El-Hage W, Hingray C, Lemogne C, Yrondi A, Brunault P, Bienvenu T et al. Les professionnels de santé face à la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) : quels risques pour leur santé mentale ? [Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?]. L'Encephale 2020; 46(3S): S73–S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008
  • 28. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2020; 74(4): 281.
  • 29. Maldonato NM, Bottone M, Chiodi A, Continisio GI, De Falco R, Duval Met al. A Mental Health First Aid Service in an Italian University Public Hospital during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak. Sustainability 2020; 12(10): 4244.
  • 30. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, T. Cheung CH. Ng. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel Coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7 (3): 228-229, 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
  • 31. Beck F, Léger D, Fressard L, Peretti‐Watel P, Verger P, Coconel Group. Covid‐19 health crisis and lockdown associated with high level of sleep complaints and hypnotic uptake at the population level. Journal of sleep research 2020; e13119.
  • 32. Marelli S, Castelnuovo A, Somma A, Castronovo V, Mombelli S, Bottoni D et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. Journal of Neurology 2020; 1-8.
  • 33. Sun N, Wei L, Shi S, Jiao D, Song R, Ma L et al. A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. American journal of infection control 2020; 48(6): 592-598.
  • 34. Toprak Celenay S, Karaaslan Y, Mete O, Ozer Kaya D. Coronaphobia, musculoskeletal pain, and sleep quality in stay-at home and continued-working persons during the 3-month Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in Turkey. Chronobiology International 2020, 1-8.
  • 35. Garcia R. Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias. Learning & Memory 2017; 24(9); 462-471.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 722 - 731, 29.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.994363

Öz

Abstract
Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the effect of the pandemic process on COVID-19 phobia, secondary traumatic stress levels and quality of sleep in healthcare professionals working in a primary healthcare institution and a pandemic hospital.
Material and Method: Thus comparative study was conducted with the participation of a total of 249 healthcare professionals, including 130 from a pandemic hospital and 119 from primary healthcare institutions. The data were obtained using a Personal Information Form, the Coronavirus 19 Phobia (CP19-S) Scale, the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
Results: It was determined that the mean score in the CP19-S somatic subscale was 10.72±4.76 for the healthcare professionals working in the primary healthcare institutions and 12.18±5.07 for those working in the pandemic hospital, and the difference between the mean scores was statistically significant (p=0.021).The STSS total mean score was 40.86±14.45 in the healthcare professionals working in the primary healthcare institutions and 46.45±16.07 in those working in the pandemic hospital, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.004).The PSQI total mean score was 9.48±3.39 in the healthcare professionals working in the primary healthcare institutions and 11.06±3.99 in those working in the pandemic hospital, and the difference between the mean scores was statistically significant (p=0.001).
Conclusions: It was determined that the healthcare professionals working in the pandemic hospital experienced more COVID-19 phobia and secondary traumatic stress and also had worse sleep quality in comparison to the healthcare professionals working in the primary healthcare institutions.

Kaynakça

  • 1.Li X, Wang W, Zhao X. Transmission dynamics andevolutionary history of 2019-nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology 2020; 92(5):501-511
  • 2.Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, Zhang B. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(4):e17–e18. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8.
  • 3.Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • 4.Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 382:1199-1207. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
  • 5. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health 2020;17(5): 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729.
  • 6. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(3): 228–229. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 7. Sakaoğlu HH, Orbatu D, Emiroglu M, Çakır Ö. Spielberger state and trait anxiety level in healthcare professionals during the covid-19 outbreak: a case of tepecik hospital. The Journal of Tepecik Education and Research Hospital 2020;30:1-9. doi:10.5222/terh.2020.56873.
  • 8.Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK, Zhou XP. [Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19]. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 2020; 38(0):E001. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20200219-00063.
  • 9.Wu P. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie 2009; 54:302–311. doi: 10.1192/bjp.194.5.478.
  • 10.Colak B, Sismanlar SG, Karakaya I, Etiler N, Bicer U. Vicarious traumatization in professionals working with sexually abused children. Anatolıan journal of psychıatry 2012; 13 (1): 51-58.
  • 11.The epidemiological group of emergency response mechanism of new coronavirus pneumonia in China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of new coronavirus pneumonia[J].Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020; 41(2):145-151.doı: 10.3760 /cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.
  • 12.Qi J, Xu J, Li B, Huang J, Yang Y, Zhang Z et al. The Evaluation of Sleep Disturbances for Chinese Frontline Medical Workers under the Outbreak of COVID-19. Sleep Medicine 2020; 72: 1-4
  • 13. Wang S, Xie L, Xu Y, Yu S, Yao B, Xiang D. Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019. Occupational Medicine 2020; 70(5): 364-369. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074.
  • 14.Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507–513.
  • 15. Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, Lang Q, Liao C, Wang N et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan for fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of nursing management 2020; 28(5): 1002-1009. doi:10.1111/jonm.13014
  • 16. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia The New England Journal of Medicine 2020; 382 (13): 1199-1207. doı: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 CrossRefView Record in ScopusGoogle Scholar
  • 17. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 2020; 89(4): 242-250. Doı:10.1159/000507639 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2020; 87: 11-7.
  • 19. Enli TF, Koyuncu E, Özel Ş. A review of protectiveand risk factors affecting psychosocial health ofhealthcare workers in pandemics. Ankara Medical Journal 2020, 20: 488-504. doı: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418.
  • 20.Arpacı I, Karataş K, Baloğlu M. The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences 2020; 110108.
  • 21.Bride BR, Margaret M, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice 2004; 14:27-35.
  • 22.Yıldırım G, Kıdak, LB, Yurdabakan I. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale: an adaptation study. Psychiatry 2018; 19(1): 45-51.
  • 23. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research 1989; 28(2): 193-213.
  • 24. Agargun MY, Kara H, Anlar O. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 7(2): 107-115. 25. Izci F. COVID-19 Pandemy and Health Workers. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 21(3):335.
  • 26. Ornell F, Halpern SC, Kessler F, Narvaez J. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2020; 36(4): e00063520. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00063520
  • 27. El-Hage W, Hingray C, Lemogne C, Yrondi A, Brunault P, Bienvenu T et al. Les professionnels de santé face à la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) : quels risques pour leur santé mentale ? [Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks?]. L'Encephale 2020; 46(3S): S73–S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.04.008
  • 28. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2020; 74(4): 281.
  • 29. Maldonato NM, Bottone M, Chiodi A, Continisio GI, De Falco R, Duval Met al. A Mental Health First Aid Service in an Italian University Public Hospital during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak. Sustainability 2020; 12(10): 4244.
  • 30. Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, T. Cheung CH. Ng. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel Coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7 (3): 228-229, 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
  • 31. Beck F, Léger D, Fressard L, Peretti‐Watel P, Verger P, Coconel Group. Covid‐19 health crisis and lockdown associated with high level of sleep complaints and hypnotic uptake at the population level. Journal of sleep research 2020; e13119.
  • 32. Marelli S, Castelnuovo A, Somma A, Castronovo V, Mombelli S, Bottoni D et al. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep quality in university students and administration staff. Journal of Neurology 2020; 1-8.
  • 33. Sun N, Wei L, Shi S, Jiao D, Song R, Ma L et al. A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. American journal of infection control 2020; 48(6): 592-598.
  • 34. Toprak Celenay S, Karaaslan Y, Mete O, Ozer Kaya D. Coronaphobia, musculoskeletal pain, and sleep quality in stay-at home and continued-working persons during the 3-month Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in Turkey. Chronobiology International 2020, 1-8.
  • 35. Garcia R. Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias. Learning & Memory 2017; 24(9); 462-471.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Emel Güçlü Cihan 0000-0002-5016-5917

Esra Karataş Okyay 0000-0002-6443-8277

Hacer Ünver 0000-0002-5406-4566

Yeşim Aksoy Derya 0000-0002-3140-2286

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Güçlü Cihan, E., Karataş Okyay, E., Ünver, H., Aksoy Derya, Y. (2022). The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 6(3), 722-731. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.994363
AMA Güçlü Cihan E, Karataş Okyay E, Ünver H, Aksoy Derya Y. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study. JBACHS. Eylül 2022;6(3):722-731. doi:10.30621/jbachs.994363
Chicago Güçlü Cihan, Emel, Esra Karataş Okyay, Hacer Ünver, ve Yeşim Aksoy Derya. “The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 722-31. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.994363.
EndNote Güçlü Cihan E, Karataş Okyay E, Ünver H, Aksoy Derya Y (01 Eylül 2022) The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6 3 722–731.
IEEE E. Güçlü Cihan, E. Karataş Okyay, H. Ünver, ve Y. Aksoy Derya, “The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study”, JBACHS, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 722–731, 2022, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.994363.
ISNAD Güçlü Cihan, Emel vd. “The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6/3 (Eylül 2022), 722-731. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.994363.
JAMA Güçlü Cihan E, Karataş Okyay E, Ünver H, Aksoy Derya Y. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study. JBACHS. 2022;6:722–731.
MLA Güçlü Cihan, Emel vd. “The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, c. 6, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 722-31, doi:10.30621/jbachs.994363.
Vancouver Güçlü Cihan E, Karataş Okyay E, Ünver H, Aksoy Derya Y. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on COVID-19 Phobia, Secondary Traumatic Stress Level and Quality of Sleep in Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative study. JBACHS. 2022;6(3):722-31.