Öz
Aim: Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent of cat-scratch disease. The disease affects children and young adults. The objective of this study is to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, and course of this disease in Turkiye.
Materials and Methods: Children without immunodeficiency, with relevant clinical signs and symptoms, and positive serology were included in the study. Clinical, demographic and laboratory data of patients diagnosed with cat-scratch disease between October 2018 and February 2021 were evaluated retrospectively.
Results: A total of 46 patients were included. The mean age was 132 months (IQR 90- 153 months), and 69.6% (n = 32) were male. There was a history of cat contact in 73.9% of the patients and 43.5% of these were with household cats. Most of the lymphadenopathies were axillary (73.9%), and generalized lymphadenopathy was not observed. The median duration of symptoms before admission was 4 weeks. The median ultrasonographic lymphadenopathy size was 4 cm. The median clinical improvement time was 6.5 weeks. Azithromycin was given in 18 patients and intravenous and/or oral beta-lactamase inhibitor combination therapy in 18 patients while no treatment was necessary in 10 patients.
Conclusion: The typical presentation is a solitary, enlarged lymph node, mostly in the axillary region. Bartonella henselae IgG level should be studied prior to invasive procedures. It should be known that cat scratch disease can develop without a history of cat contact. Meanwhile, it should be known that contact with a house cat may cause disease more often than contact with street cats.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bartonella henselae cat-scratch disease children lymphadenopathy
Kaynakça
- 1. Prudent E, Lepidi H, Audoly G, et al. Bartonella henselae is usually not viable in lymph nodes of patients with cat scratch disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(11):2207-2213.
- 2. Kamstra JI, van der Meij EH, de Visscher JGAM. Cat scratch disease. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2021;128(1):21-27.
- 3. Theel ES, Ross T. Seasonality of Bartonella henselae IgM and IgG Antibody Positivity Rates. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(12):e01263-19.
- 4. Chantrain CF, Genin C. Limping in children: look what the cat dragged in! Arch Dis Child 2019;104(1):3-4.
- 5. Pecora F, Abate L, Scavone S, et al. Management of Infectious Lymphadenitis in Children. Children (Basel). 2021;8(10):860.
- 6. Lindeboom JA. Pediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by Bartonella henselae. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(4):469-73.
- 7. Amin O, Rostad CA, Gonzalez M, et al. Cat Scratch Disease: 9 Years of Experience at a Pediatric Center. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(9):ofac426.
- 8. Angelakis E, Raoult D. Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:16–25.
- 9. Zellali K, Benard E, Smokvina E, Belgaid A, Labbe F, Bertrand V. Multifocal pelvic osteomyelitis in a child associated with a cat-scratch disease: a case report and review of the literature. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39:290–93.
- 10. Rodriguez Alonso B, Alonso-Sardon M, Rodrigues Almeida HM, et al. Epidemiological of cat scratch disease among inpatients in the Spanish health system (1997–2015). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:849–57.
- 11. Deregibus MI, Bagnara EI, Buchovsky A. Cat-scratch disease: Experience in a tertiary care children’s hospital. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2023;121(1):e202202592.
- 12. Prutsky G, Domecq JP, Mori L, et al. Treatment outcomes of human bartonellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(10):e811-9.
- 13. Chiappini E, Camaioni A, Benazzo M, et al. Italian Guideline Panel For Management of Cervical Lymphadenopathy in Children. Development of an algorithm for the management of cervical lymphadenopathy in children: Consensus of the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, jointly with the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Italian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2015; 13:1557–1567.
- 14. Bass JW, Freitas BC, Freitas AD, et al. Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(6):447-52.
- 15. Margileth AM. Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11(6):474-8.
- 16. Shorbatli LA, Koranyi KI, Nahata MC. Effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with cat scratch disease. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 2018; 40:1458–1461.
- 17. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005;41:1373–1406.
- 18. Sandoval A, Reyes F, Prado MA, Peña A, Viviani T. Catscratch Disease in the Pediatric Population. 6 years of evaluation and follow-up in the Public Hospital in Chile. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020; 39(10):889-93.
- 19. Uluğ M. Evaluation of Cat Scratch Disease Cases Reported from Turkey between 1996 and 2013 and Review of the Literature.Cent Eur J Public Health 2015;23(2):170-5.
- 20. Solano-Gallego L, Hegarty B, Espada Y, Llull J, Breitschwerdt E. Serological and molecular evidence of exposure to arthropod-borne organisms in cats from northeastern Spain. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 118:274–7.
- 21. Pennisi MG, Marsilio F, Hartmann K, et al. Bartonella species infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15(7):563-9.
- 22. Asano T, Ichiki K, Koizumi S, Kaizu K, Hatori T, Fujino O. High prevalence of antibodies against Bartonella henselae with cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Int. 2010;52(4):533-5.
- 23. Diren Sıgırcı B, Ilgaz A. Detection of the presence of Bartonella henselae in cats in Istanbul. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ 2013; 39: 209–17.
- 24. Arıcı N, Aksaray S, Ankaralı H. Bartonella henselae IgM seropositivity in both adult and pediatric patients with diverse clinical conditions in Turkey. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2021;10.1556/030.2021.01310.
- 25. Çelebi B, Kılıç S, Aydın N, Tarhan G, Carhan A, Babur C. Investigation of Bartonella henselae in Cats in Ankara, Turkey. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2009;56: 169-175.
- 26. Köseoğlu AE, Can H, Güvendi M, et al. Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella spp. in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15(1):305.
- 27. Windsor, J.J. Cat-scratch disease: Epidemiology, aetiology and treatment. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 2001; 58: 101–110.
- 28. Vilibic-Cavlek T, Karlovic-Martinkovic D, Ljubin-Sternak S, Tabain I, Persic Z, Mlinaric-Galinovic G. High prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana antibodies in Croatian patients presenting with lymphadenopathy. Pol J Microbiol 2012; 61: 315–17.
- 29. Sanguinetti-Morelli D, Angelakis E, Richet H, Davoust B, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Seasonality of cat-scratch disease, France, 1999–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;17(4):705-7.
Öz
Amaç: Bartonella henselae, kedi tırmığı hastalığı etyolojik etkenidir. Hastalık çocukları ve genç yetişkinleri etkiler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de bu hastalığın epidemiyolojisini, klinik özelliklerini ve seyrini analiz etmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: İmmün yetmezliği olmayan, ilgili klinik belirti ve semptomlara sahip ve pozitif serolojisi olan çocuklar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ekim 2018 ile Şubat 2021 arasında kedi tırmığı hastalığı tanısı alan hastaların klinik, demografik ve laboratuvar verileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Toplam 46 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama yaş 132 ay (IQR 90-153 ay) ve %69,6'sı (n=32) erkekti. Hastaların %73,9'unda kedi teması öyküsü mevcuttu ve bunların %43,5'i evcil kediydi. Lenfadenopatilerin çoğu aksiller (%73,9) idi ve jeneralize lenfadenopati izlenmedi. Başvurudan önceki medyan semptom süresi 4 haftaydı. Medyan lenfadenopati boyutu 4 cm idi. Medyan klinik iyileşme süresi 6.5 haftaydı. 18 hastaya azitromisin, 18 hastaya intravenöz ve/veya oral beta-laktamaz inhibitör kombinasyon tedavisi verilirken, 10 hastaya tedavi gerekmedi.
Sonuç: Tipik prezentasyon, çoğunlukla aksiller bölgede soliter, büyümüş bir lenf nodudur. Bartonella henselae IgG düzeyi, invaziv prosedürlerden önce çalışılmalıdır. Kedi tırmığı hastalığının kedi teması öyküsü olmadan da gelişebileceği bilinmelidir. Aynı zamanda ev kedisi ile temasın sokak kedileriyle temastan daha sık hastalığa neden olabileceği bilinmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bartonella henselae kedi tırmığı hastalığı çocuklar lenfadenopati
Kaynakça
- 1. Prudent E, Lepidi H, Audoly G, et al. Bartonella henselae is usually not viable in lymph nodes of patients with cat scratch disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(11):2207-2213.
- 2. Kamstra JI, van der Meij EH, de Visscher JGAM. Cat scratch disease. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2021;128(1):21-27.
- 3. Theel ES, Ross T. Seasonality of Bartonella henselae IgM and IgG Antibody Positivity Rates. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(12):e01263-19.
- 4. Chantrain CF, Genin C. Limping in children: look what the cat dragged in! Arch Dis Child 2019;104(1):3-4.
- 5. Pecora F, Abate L, Scavone S, et al. Management of Infectious Lymphadenitis in Children. Children (Basel). 2021;8(10):860.
- 6. Lindeboom JA. Pediatric cervicofacial lymphadenitis caused by Bartonella henselae. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;120(4):469-73.
- 7. Amin O, Rostad CA, Gonzalez M, et al. Cat Scratch Disease: 9 Years of Experience at a Pediatric Center. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(9):ofac426.
- 8. Angelakis E, Raoult D. Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:16–25.
- 9. Zellali K, Benard E, Smokvina E, Belgaid A, Labbe F, Bertrand V. Multifocal pelvic osteomyelitis in a child associated with a cat-scratch disease: a case report and review of the literature. Paediatr Int Child Health 2019; 39:290–93.
- 10. Rodriguez Alonso B, Alonso-Sardon M, Rodrigues Almeida HM, et al. Epidemiological of cat scratch disease among inpatients in the Spanish health system (1997–2015). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:849–57.
- 11. Deregibus MI, Bagnara EI, Buchovsky A. Cat-scratch disease: Experience in a tertiary care children’s hospital. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2023;121(1):e202202592.
- 12. Prutsky G, Domecq JP, Mori L, et al. Treatment outcomes of human bartonellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(10):e811-9.
- 13. Chiappini E, Camaioni A, Benazzo M, et al. Italian Guideline Panel For Management of Cervical Lymphadenopathy in Children. Development of an algorithm for the management of cervical lymphadenopathy in children: Consensus of the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, jointly with the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Italian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2015; 13:1557–1567.
- 14. Bass JW, Freitas BC, Freitas AD, et al. Prospective randomized double blind placebo-controlled evaluation of azithromycin for treatment of cat-scratch disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17(6):447-52.
- 15. Margileth AM. Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and a review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11(6):474-8.
- 16. Shorbatli LA, Koranyi KI, Nahata MC. Effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with cat scratch disease. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. 2018; 40:1458–1461.
- 17. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005;41:1373–1406.
- 18. Sandoval A, Reyes F, Prado MA, Peña A, Viviani T. Catscratch Disease in the Pediatric Population. 6 years of evaluation and follow-up in the Public Hospital in Chile. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020; 39(10):889-93.
- 19. Uluğ M. Evaluation of Cat Scratch Disease Cases Reported from Turkey between 1996 and 2013 and Review of the Literature.Cent Eur J Public Health 2015;23(2):170-5.
- 20. Solano-Gallego L, Hegarty B, Espada Y, Llull J, Breitschwerdt E. Serological and molecular evidence of exposure to arthropod-borne organisms in cats from northeastern Spain. Vet Microbiol. 2006; 118:274–7.
- 21. Pennisi MG, Marsilio F, Hartmann K, et al. Bartonella species infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2013;15(7):563-9.
- 22. Asano T, Ichiki K, Koizumi S, Kaizu K, Hatori T, Fujino O. High prevalence of antibodies against Bartonella henselae with cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Int. 2010;52(4):533-5.
- 23. Diren Sıgırcı B, Ilgaz A. Detection of the presence of Bartonella henselae in cats in Istanbul. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ 2013; 39: 209–17.
- 24. Arıcı N, Aksaray S, Ankaralı H. Bartonella henselae IgM seropositivity in both adult and pediatric patients with diverse clinical conditions in Turkey. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2021;10.1556/030.2021.01310.
- 25. Çelebi B, Kılıç S, Aydın N, Tarhan G, Carhan A, Babur C. Investigation of Bartonella henselae in Cats in Ankara, Turkey. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2009;56: 169-175.
- 26. Köseoğlu AE, Can H, Güvendi M, et al. Molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella spp. in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15(1):305.
- 27. Windsor, J.J. Cat-scratch disease: Epidemiology, aetiology and treatment. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 2001; 58: 101–110.
- 28. Vilibic-Cavlek T, Karlovic-Martinkovic D, Ljubin-Sternak S, Tabain I, Persic Z, Mlinaric-Galinovic G. High prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana antibodies in Croatian patients presenting with lymphadenopathy. Pol J Microbiol 2012; 61: 315–17.
- 29. Sanguinetti-Morelli D, Angelakis E, Richet H, Davoust B, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Seasonality of cat-scratch disease, France, 1999–2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;17(4):705-7.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Orjinal Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 26 Temmuz 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Temmuz 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mayıs 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4 |
