Children with ADHD were affected in terms of mental health and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic
Öz
Aim: COVID-19 pandemic has had negative effects on the lives of many children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. This research aims to investigate the effects on the mental status and quality of life of children with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and Method: This study was conducted at the child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital, between April and May 2020. The research group consisted of 113 children and adolescents with ADHD, and the control group consisted of 45 children and adolescents. The depression and anxiety symptoms of the children were assessed using the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), respectively. Child-reported and parent-reported Pediatric Quality of Life Inventories (PedsQL) were used to evaluate the health-related quality of life of the children.
Result: Depressive symptoms and anxiety levels were found to be statistically higher in the ADHD group. According to PedsQL-P scale, psychosocial and scale total scores were statistically significantly lower. According to the regression analysis, the SCARED scores predicted negative physical, psychosocial, and total scores of the PEDsQL-C scale. The CDI scores, however, predicted negative physical, psychosocial, and total scores of the PEDsQL-P scale.
Conclusion: This study revealed that in the COVID-19 pandemic, children with ADHD are more affected in terms of depression, anxiety and quality of life than children without any psychiatric disease. The study findings suggest that further studies are needed to better understand the psychological conditions and difficulties that children with ADHD experience during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children COVID-19 depression anxiety life of quality
Kaynakça
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Am Psychiatr Assoc 2013; 280.
- Lambek R, Tannock R, Dalsgaard S, Trillingsgaard A, Damm D, Thomsen PH. Executive dysfunction in school-age children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2011; 15: 646–55.
- Rowland AS, Lesesne CA, Abramowitz AJ. The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002; 8: 162–70.
- Willcutt EG. The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9: 490–9.
- Polanczyk G, Rohde LA. Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20: 386–92.
- Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 929–36.
- Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 510-2.
- Kelly BD. COVID-19 (Coronavirus): Challenges for Psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 1–6.
- Chaturvedi SK. COVID-19, Coronavirus and Mental Health Rehabilitation at Times of Crisis. J Psychosoc Rehabil Ment Heal 2020; 7: 1–2.
- Pulvirenti F, Cinetto F, Milito C, et al. Health-related quality of life in common variable immunodeficiency Italian patients switched to remote assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020.
- Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395: 912–20.
- Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Heal 2020; 2019: 30109.
- Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, et al. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei province, China. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 7: 2–4.
- Atkeson A. What will be the economic impact of COVID-19 in the US? rough estimates of disease scenarios. NBER Work Pap Ser 2020; 25.
- Fonseca L, Diniz E, Mendonça G, Malinowski F, Mari J, Gadelha A. Schizophrenia and COVID-19: risks and recommendations. Brazilian J Psychiatry 2020; 00: 1–3.
- Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 100-6.
- Sjöwall D, Thorell LB. Neuropsychological deficits in relation to ADHD symptoms, quality of life, and daily life functioning in young adulthood. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2022; 29: 32-40.
- Gallego-Méndez J, Perez-Gomez J, Calzada-Rodríguez JI, et al. Relationship between health-related quality of life and physical activity in children with hyperactivity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 2804.
- Cueli M, Rodríguez C, Cañamero LM, Núñez JC, González-Castro P. Self-concept and inattention or hyperactivity– impulsivity symptomatology: The role of anxiety. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 250.
- Eyre O, Langley K, Stringaris A, Leibenluft E, Collishaw S, Thapar A. Irritability in ADHD: Associations with depression liability. J Affect Disord 2017; 215: 281–7.
- Mohamed SMH, Börger NA, van der Meere JJ. Executive and Daily Life Functioning Influence the Relationship Between ADHD and Mood Symptoms in University Students. J Atten Disord 2021 Oct; 25: 1731-42.
- Cortese S, Asherson P, Sonuga-Barke E, et al. ADHD management during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance from the European ADHD Guidelines Group. Lancet Child Adolesc Heal 2020; 19–21.
- Zhang J, Shuai L, Yu H, et al. Acute stress, behavioural symptoms and mood states among school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51.
- Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 228–9.
- Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 980–8.
- Gokler B, Unal F, Pehlivanturk B, Cengel- Kultur E, Akdemir D, Taner Y. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children-present and lifetime version-Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turkish J Child Adolesc Ment Heal 2004; 11: 109–16.
- Unal F, Öktem F, Çuhadaroglu-Cetin F, et al. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children-present and lifetime revied version according to DSM-5-Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). 28th Turkey Natl Congr Child Adolesc Psychiatry Abstact B 2018; 333–4.
- Kovacs M. The children’s depression inventory. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21: 995–8.
- Oy B. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of child depression inventory. Turkish J Psychiatry 1991; 2: 132–6.
- Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 545–53.
- Karaceylan F. Reliability and validity of SCARED in Turkish children. Child Adolesc psychiatry 2004.
- Memik ÇN, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Karakaya I. Çocuklar İçin yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 8–12 yaş çocuk formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2008; 15: 87–98.
- Memik ÇN, ÇAğaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Üneri ÖŞ, Karakaya I. Çocuklar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 13-18 yaş ergen formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatr Derg 2007; 18: 353–63.
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287: 112934.
- Parker JG, Asher SR. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?. Psychol Bull 1987; 102: 357.
- Danckaerts M, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Banaschewski T, et al. The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19: 83–105.
- Chou WJ, Huang MF, Chang YP, Chen YM, Hu HF, Yen CF. Social skills deficits and their association with internet addiction and activities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Behav Addict 2017; 6: 42–50.
- Velő S, Kereszteny A, Szentivanyi D, Balazs J. Quality of life of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review of the past 5 years. Neuropsychopharmacol Hungarica a Magy Pszichofarmakologiai Egyes lapja= Off J Hungarian Assoc Psychopharmacol 2013; 15: 73–82.
Öz
Amaç: COVID-19 pandemisi, psikiyatrik bozukluğu olan birçok çocuk ve ergenin yaşamı üzerinde olumsuz etkiler oluşturdu. Bu araştırma, COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında DEHB tanılı çocukların ruhsal durumları ve yaşam kaliteleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışma, bir üniversite hastanesinin çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi polikliniğinde Nisan-Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma grubunu 113 DEHB tanılı çocuk ve ergen, kontrol grubunu ise 45 çocuk ve ergen oluşturmuştur. Çocukların depresyon ve anksiyete belirtileri sırasıyla Çocuk Depresyon Envanteri (ÇDÖ) ve Çocukluk Çağı Anksiyete Tarama Ölçeği (ÇATÖ) kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Çocukların sağlıkla ilgili yaşam kalitelerini değerlendirmek için çocuk tarafından ve ebeveyn tarafından bildirilen Pediatrik Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (ÇİYKÖ) kullanıldı.
Bulgular: DEHB grubunda depresif belirti ve kaygı düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı daha yüksekti. ÇİYKÖ göre psikososyal ve ölçek toplam puanları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşüktü. Regresyon analizine göre, ÇATÖ puanları, ÇİYKÖ-Ç ölçeğinin fiziksel, psikososyal ve toplam puanlarını negatif yordamaktadır. ÇDÖ puanları ise, ÇİYKÖ-E ölçeğinin fiziksel, psikososyal ve toplam puanlarını negatif yordamaktadır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisinde DEHB grubunda depresif belirti ve anksiyete düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğunu, psikososyal ve toplam yaşam kalitelerinin daha düşük olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Çalışma bulguları, DEHB olan çocukların COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında yaşadıkları psikolojik koşulları ve zorlukları daha iyi anlamak için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu kaygı çocuk covid-19 depresyon yaşam kalitesi
Kaynakça
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). Am Psychiatr Assoc 2013; 280.
- Lambek R, Tannock R, Dalsgaard S, Trillingsgaard A, Damm D, Thomsen PH. Executive dysfunction in school-age children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2011; 15: 646–55.
- Rowland AS, Lesesne CA, Abramowitz AJ. The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002; 8: 162–70.
- Willcutt EG. The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9: 490–9.
- Polanczyk G, Rohde LA. Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2007; 20: 386–92.
- Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 929–36.
- Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 510-2.
- Kelly BD. COVID-19 (Coronavirus): Challenges for Psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 1–6.
- Chaturvedi SK. COVID-19, Coronavirus and Mental Health Rehabilitation at Times of Crisis. J Psychosoc Rehabil Ment Heal 2020; 7: 1–2.
- Pulvirenti F, Cinetto F, Milito C, et al. Health-related quality of life in common variable immunodeficiency Italian patients switched to remote assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020.
- Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395: 912–20.
- Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Heal 2020; 2019: 30109.
- Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y, et al. Mental health status among children in home confinement during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei province, China. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 7: 2–4.
- Atkeson A. What will be the economic impact of COVID-19 in the US? rough estimates of disease scenarios. NBER Work Pap Ser 2020; 25.
- Fonseca L, Diniz E, Mendonça G, Malinowski F, Mari J, Gadelha A. Schizophrenia and COVID-19: risks and recommendations. Brazilian J Psychiatry 2020; 00: 1–3.
- Hao F, Tan W, Jiang L, et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 100-6.
- Sjöwall D, Thorell LB. Neuropsychological deficits in relation to ADHD symptoms, quality of life, and daily life functioning in young adulthood. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2022; 29: 32-40.
- Gallego-Méndez J, Perez-Gomez J, Calzada-Rodríguez JI, et al. Relationship between health-related quality of life and physical activity in children with hyperactivity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 2804.
- Cueli M, Rodríguez C, Cañamero LM, Núñez JC, González-Castro P. Self-concept and inattention or hyperactivity– impulsivity symptomatology: The role of anxiety. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 250.
- Eyre O, Langley K, Stringaris A, Leibenluft E, Collishaw S, Thapar A. Irritability in ADHD: Associations with depression liability. J Affect Disord 2017; 215: 281–7.
- Mohamed SMH, Börger NA, van der Meere JJ. Executive and Daily Life Functioning Influence the Relationship Between ADHD and Mood Symptoms in University Students. J Atten Disord 2021 Oct; 25: 1731-42.
- Cortese S, Asherson P, Sonuga-Barke E, et al. ADHD management during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance from the European ADHD Guidelines Group. Lancet Child Adolesc Heal 2020; 19–21.
- Zhang J, Shuai L, Yu H, et al. Acute stress, behavioural symptoms and mood states among school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51.
- Xiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 228–9.
- Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 980–8.
- Gokler B, Unal F, Pehlivanturk B, Cengel- Kultur E, Akdemir D, Taner Y. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children-present and lifetime version-Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turkish J Child Adolesc Ment Heal 2004; 11: 109–16.
- Unal F, Öktem F, Çuhadaroglu-Cetin F, et al. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children-present and lifetime revied version according to DSM-5-Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). 28th Turkey Natl Congr Child Adolesc Psychiatry Abstact B 2018; 333–4.
- Kovacs M. The children’s depression inventory. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21: 995–8.
- Oy B. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of child depression inventory. Turkish J Psychiatry 1991; 2: 132–6.
- Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, et al. The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 545–53.
- Karaceylan F. Reliability and validity of SCARED in Turkish children. Child Adolesc psychiatry 2004.
- Memik ÇN, Ağaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Karakaya I. Çocuklar İçin yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 8–12 yaş çocuk formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Çocuk ve Ergen Ruh Sağlığı Derg 2008; 15: 87–98.
- Memik ÇN, ÇAğaoğlu B, Coşkun A, Üneri ÖŞ, Karakaya I. Çocuklar için yaşam kalitesi ölçeğinin 13-18 yaş ergen formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatr Derg 2007; 18: 353–63.
- Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287: 112934.
- Parker JG, Asher SR. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk?. Psychol Bull 1987; 102: 357.
- Danckaerts M, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Banaschewski T, et al. The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19: 83–105.
- Chou WJ, Huang MF, Chang YP, Chen YM, Hu HF, Yen CF. Social skills deficits and their association with internet addiction and activities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Behav Addict 2017; 6: 42–50.
- Velő S, Kereszteny A, Szentivanyi D, Balazs J. Quality of life of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review of the past 5 years. Neuropsychopharmacol Hungarica a Magy Pszichofarmakologiai Egyes lapja= Off J Hungarian Assoc Psychopharmacol 2013; 15: 73–82.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr] |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 24 Ekim 2022 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 10 Şubat 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1 |
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