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Iron poisoning

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 314 - 317, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.619743

Öz

Iron, represented by Fe on the periodic table, is the fourth most common element found on Earth. Although it has important tasks in the human body such as oxygen transfer, DNA synthesis, and electron exchange, it may also become toxic and harmful in excess. The toxicity of iron poisoning starts to appear with an intake of 20 mg/kg of elementary iron ions, along with GIS symptoms. In iron poisoning, patients usually present with various clinical findings and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, palpitation, metabolic acidosis, deteriorated respiration, or mental disorders varying up to coma. Intervention in all patients begins with ABC evaluation, obtaining vascular access, monitoring, and (if necessary) providing oxygen support. Endotracheal intubation can be considered to ensure airway security and avoid aspiration, especially for lethargic patients. After abdominal and intestinal lavage, IV support treatment can begin, considering the liquid-electrolyte deficiency of these patients. In patients with a poor general condition and toxic appearance, hemogram, serum iron levels, kidney function tests, liver function tests, serum electrolytes, coagulation panel, arterial or venous blood gas, lactate, and in women of childbearing age, β-Hcg tests should be obtained. Abdominal radiography can be planned in the early stage. In patients thought to have serious iron poisoning, chelation treatment with deferoxamine is administered without delay.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yousif LF, Stewart KM, Kelley SO. Targeting Mitochondria with Organelle-Specific Compounds: Strategies and Applications. Chem Bio Chem. 2009 Aug 17;10(12):1939–50.
  • 2. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W. 2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology. 2017 Nov 26;55(10):1072–254.
  • 3. Bateman DN, Eagling V, Sandilands EA, Jackson G, Crawford C, Hawkins L, Cheung T, Cooper G, Bradberry SM, Thompson JP, Thomas SHL, Eddleston M. Iron overdose epidemiology, clinical features and iron concentration-effect relationships: the UK experience 2008–2017. Clinical Toxicology. 2018 Nov 2;56(11):1098–106.
  • 4. Anderson BD, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, Clark RF. Retrospective analysis of ingestions of iron containing products in the united states: are there differences between chewable vitamins and adult preparations? J Emerg Med. 2000 Oct;19(3):255–8.
  • 5. Liebelt EL, Burns MM, Wiley JF. Acute iron poisoning - UpToDate [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://0212a86mi-y-https-www-uptodate-com.proxy.sakarya.deep-knowledge.net/contents/acute-iron-poisoning?search=Acute%20Iron%20Poisoning&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  • 6. Yuen H-W, Becker W. Iron Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459224/
  • 7. Ávila RA, Silva MASC, Peixoto JV, Kassouf-Silva I, Fogaça RTH, dos Santos L. Mechanisms involved in the in vitro contractile dysfunction induced by different concentrations of ferrous iron in the rat myocardium. Toxicology in Vitro. 2016 Oct;36:38–45.
  • 8. Ferrous sulfate overdose: Various toxicities: case report. Reactions Weekly. 2013 Apr;1449(1):16–16.
  • 9. Ravindhran B, Karthikeyan K, Jayakumar V, Mitta N, Subramanyam S. Early Intestinal Obstruction in Iron Toxicity – An Unheard of Occurrence. JCDR [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: http://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2018&volume=12&issue=1&page=PD01&issn=0973-709x&id=11094
  • 10. Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson L, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum N, editors. Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies. Tenth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. 1065–1075 p.
  • 11. Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, Theobald JL, Mycyk MB. Iron and Heavy Metals. In: Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1912–20.
  • 12. Spanierman CS, VanDeVoort JT, Benitez JG, Miller MA, Lee DC. Iron Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/815213-overview
  • 13. Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, Erickson TB. The general approach to the poisoned patient. Disease-a-Month. 2014 Nov;60(11):509–24.
  • 14. Organization WH. The International Pharmacopoeia. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. 306–308 p.
  • 15. Kicic A, Chua ACG, Baker E. Effect of iron chelators on proliferation and iron uptake in hepatoma cells. Cancer. 2001;92(12):3093–110.
  • 16. Ricchi P, Meloni A, Pistoia L, Spasiano A, Spiga A, Allò M, Gamberini MR, Lisi R, Campisi S, Peluso A, Missere M, Renne S, Mangione M, Positano V, Pepe A. The effect of desferrioxamine chelation versus no therapy in patients with non transfusion-dependent thalassaemia: a multicenter prospective comparison from the MIOT network. Ann Hematol. 2018 Oct;97(10):1925–32.
  • 17. Carlsson M, Cortes D, Jepsen S, Kanstrup T. Severe iron intoxication treated with exchange transfusion. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2008 Apr 1;93(4):321–2.
  • 18. Gumber MR, Kute VB, Shah PR, Vanikar AV, Patel HV, Balwani MR, Ghuge PP, Trivedi HL. Successful Treatment of Severe Iron Intoxication with Gastrointestinal Decontamination, Deferoxamine, and Hemodialysis. Renal Failure. 2013 Jun;35(5):729–31.

Demir zehirlenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 314 - 317, 01.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.619743

Öz

Demir, Dünya'da en yaygın bulunan dördüncü elementtir. Periyodik tablodaki sembolü Fe'dir. Demirin insan vücudunda oksijen transferi, DNA sentezi ve elektron değişimi gibi önemli görevleri olmasına rağmen, aşırı toksik ve zararlı etkileri vardır. Demir zehirlenmesinin toksisitesi 20 mg/kg elementer demir iyonu alımı ile ortaya çıkmaya başlar. Demir zehirlenmesinde hastalar, bulantı, kusma, çarpıntı, metabolik asidoz, bozulmuş solunum veya komaya kadar değişen bilinç bozuklukları gibi çeşitli klinik bulgular ve semptomlarla karşı karşıya kalabilirler. Tüm hastalarda müdahale, ABC değerlendirmesiyle başlar. Hastanın damaryolu açılır, monitörize edilir ve (gerekirse) oksijen desteği sağlanır. Endotrakeal entübasyon, özellikle bilinç bozukluğu olan hastalar için, hava yolu güvenliğini sağlamak ve aspirasyondan korumak için düşünülebilir. Barsak lavajı nedeniyle oluşabilecek sıvı-elektrolit eksikliği göz önünde bulundurularak IV destek tedavisi başlanabilir. Genel durumu kötü ve toksik görünümü olan hastalardan hemogram, serum demir seviyeleri, böbrek fonksiyon testleri, karaciğer fonksiyon testleri, serum elektrolitleri, pıhtılaşma panelleri, arteriyel veya venöz kan gazı, laktat ve çocuk doğurma çağındaki kadınlar için BetaHcg testi istenebilir. Ayakta direk batın grafisinde erken aşamada planlanabilir. Ciddi demir zehirlenmesi olduğu düşünülen hastalarda demir seviyesi nedeniyle deferoksamin ile şelasyon tedavisi gecikmeden geçilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yousif LF, Stewart KM, Kelley SO. Targeting Mitochondria with Organelle-Specific Compounds: Strategies and Applications. Chem Bio Chem. 2009 Aug 17;10(12):1939–50.
  • 2. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W. 2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report. Clinical Toxicology. 2017 Nov 26;55(10):1072–254.
  • 3. Bateman DN, Eagling V, Sandilands EA, Jackson G, Crawford C, Hawkins L, Cheung T, Cooper G, Bradberry SM, Thompson JP, Thomas SHL, Eddleston M. Iron overdose epidemiology, clinical features and iron concentration-effect relationships: the UK experience 2008–2017. Clinical Toxicology. 2018 Nov 2;56(11):1098–106.
  • 4. Anderson BD, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, Clark RF. Retrospective analysis of ingestions of iron containing products in the united states: are there differences between chewable vitamins and adult preparations? J Emerg Med. 2000 Oct;19(3):255–8.
  • 5. Liebelt EL, Burns MM, Wiley JF. Acute iron poisoning - UpToDate [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://0212a86mi-y-https-www-uptodate-com.proxy.sakarya.deep-knowledge.net/contents/acute-iron-poisoning?search=Acute%20Iron%20Poisoning&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  • 6. Yuen H-W, Becker W. Iron Toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459224/
  • 7. Ávila RA, Silva MASC, Peixoto JV, Kassouf-Silva I, Fogaça RTH, dos Santos L. Mechanisms involved in the in vitro contractile dysfunction induced by different concentrations of ferrous iron in the rat myocardium. Toxicology in Vitro. 2016 Oct;36:38–45.
  • 8. Ferrous sulfate overdose: Various toxicities: case report. Reactions Weekly. 2013 Apr;1449(1):16–16.
  • 9. Ravindhran B, Karthikeyan K, Jayakumar V, Mitta N, Subramanyam S. Early Intestinal Obstruction in Iron Toxicity – An Unheard of Occurrence. JCDR [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Apr 9]; Available from: http://jcdr.net/article_fulltext.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2018&volume=12&issue=1&page=PD01&issn=0973-709x&id=11094
  • 10. Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson L, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum N, editors. Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies. Tenth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. 1065–1075 p.
  • 11. Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, Theobald JL, Mycyk MB. Iron and Heavy Metals. In: Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2018. p. 1912–20.
  • 12. Spanierman CS, VanDeVoort JT, Benitez JG, Miller MA, Lee DC. Iron Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/815213-overview
  • 13. Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, Erickson TB. The general approach to the poisoned patient. Disease-a-Month. 2014 Nov;60(11):509–24.
  • 14. Organization WH. The International Pharmacopoeia. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. 306–308 p.
  • 15. Kicic A, Chua ACG, Baker E. Effect of iron chelators on proliferation and iron uptake in hepatoma cells. Cancer. 2001;92(12):3093–110.
  • 16. Ricchi P, Meloni A, Pistoia L, Spasiano A, Spiga A, Allò M, Gamberini MR, Lisi R, Campisi S, Peluso A, Missere M, Renne S, Mangione M, Positano V, Pepe A. The effect of desferrioxamine chelation versus no therapy in patients with non transfusion-dependent thalassaemia: a multicenter prospective comparison from the MIOT network. Ann Hematol. 2018 Oct;97(10):1925–32.
  • 17. Carlsson M, Cortes D, Jepsen S, Kanstrup T. Severe iron intoxication treated with exchange transfusion. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2008 Apr 1;93(4):321–2.
  • 18. Gumber MR, Kute VB, Shah PR, Vanikar AV, Patel HV, Balwani MR, Ghuge PP, Trivedi HL. Successful Treatment of Severe Iron Intoxication with Gastrointestinal Decontamination, Deferoxamine, and Hemodialysis. Renal Failure. 2013 Jun;35(5):729–31.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Acil Tıp
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ensar Durmuş 0000-0001-7722-6639

Fatih Güneysu 0000-0002-8433-3763

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Durmuş, E., & Güneysu, F. (2020). Iron poisoning. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 4(4), 314-317. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.619743
AMA Durmuş E, Güneysu F. Iron poisoning. J Surg Med. Nisan 2020;4(4):314-317. doi:10.28982/josam.619743
Chicago Durmuş, Ensar, ve Fatih Güneysu. “Iron Poisoning”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 4, sy. 4 (Nisan 2020): 314-17. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.619743.
EndNote Durmuş E, Güneysu F (01 Nisan 2020) Iron poisoning. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 4 4 314–317.
IEEE E. Durmuş ve F. Güneysu, “Iron poisoning”, J Surg Med, c. 4, sy. 4, ss. 314–317, 2020, doi: 10.28982/josam.619743.
ISNAD Durmuş, Ensar - Güneysu, Fatih. “Iron Poisoning”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 4/4 (Nisan 2020), 314-317. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.619743.
JAMA Durmuş E, Güneysu F. Iron poisoning. J Surg Med. 2020;4:314–317.
MLA Durmuş, Ensar ve Fatih Güneysu. “Iron Poisoning”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, c. 4, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 314-7, doi:10.28982/josam.619743.
Vancouver Durmuş E, Güneysu F. Iron poisoning. J Surg Med. 2020;4(4):314-7.