Aile sağliği merkezine başvuran yetişkin bireylerde COVID-19 korkusu ve depresif belirti düzeyi arasındaki ilişki

Raşit Dursun; Şehide Arslan; Hasan Durmuş; Elçin Balcı

doi:10.35514/mtd.2024.99

Araştırma Makalesi

The relationship between COVID-19 fear and depressive symptom level in adults applying to family health center

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 88 - 94, 31.12.2023

Raşit Dursun Şehide Arslan Hasan Durmuş Elçin Balcı

https://doi.org/10.35514/mtd.2024.99

Öz

ABSTRACT
Objective: In addition to the risk of infection and mortality, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused varying levels of psychological effects, stress reactions and depressive symptoms in individuals. In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of COVID-19 fear and depressive symptoms in individuals aged 18 years and over who applied to family health centers and to evaluate demographic characteristics.
Material-Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in individuals aged 18 years and older who applied to family health centers in August 2022. The face-to-face questionnaire consisted of descriptive questions, COVID-19 Fear Scale and Beck Depression Scale. Data were collected at family health centers located in Kocasinan, Melikgazi and Talas districts. The sample size was calculated as 657 people and the study was completed with 799 people. ANOVA, t test, Pearson Chi-square test and correlation analysis tests were used in statistical analysis and p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: 49.3% of the participants reported having COVID-19, and 90.6% had received at least one dose of vaccination against COVID-19. 26.2% of the participants stated that they needed psychological support before. The mean fear scale score of the participants was 12.61±5.70, while the mean Beck depression scale score was 9.83±8.14. A low-level, positive and significant relationship was found between depression and fear of COVID-19. Fear of COVID-19 was significantly higher in women than in men, in married women than in single women, and in patients with chronic diseases than in those without chronic diseases. The prevalence of mild-moderate-severe depressive symptoms was significantly higher in women than in men, in those with chronic illness than in those without, and in those with poor and moderate economic status than in those with good economic status.
Conclusion: The study shows that fear of COVID-19 and depressive symptoms may be higher in vulnerable groups and that different groups may be affected psychosocially at different levels by pandemic conditions. It is necessary to provide the necessary psychosocial support for individuals affected by the pandemic in the community and community mental health activities should not be interrupted. Community health should be approached from a holistic and pluralistic perspective, and vulnerable groups should be taken into consideration in the health strategies developed.
Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, fear, depression, Beck

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, pandemic, fear, depression, Beck

Kaynakça

1. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
2. Kilic R, Hatipoğlu ÇA, Güneş C. Quarantine and its legal dimension. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;50(9):544-548.
3. Durmuş H, Gökler ME, Metintaş S. The Effectiveness of Community-based Social Distancing for Mitigating the Spread of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):397-404.
4. Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Meşe EA. Covid-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2020;50(9):489-494.
5. Mailliez M, Griffiths MD, Carre A. Validation of the French Version of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Differential Emotions. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(4):2057-2071.
6. Kaya B. Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(2):123-124.
7. Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(6):510-512.
8. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. "Pandemic fear" and Covid-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-235.
9. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with Covid-19 in China. Psychol Med. 2021;51(6):1052-1053.
10. Nguyen HC, Nguyen MH, Do BN, Tran CQ, Nguyen TTP, Pham KM, et al. People with Suspected Covid-19 Symptoms Were More Likely Depressed and Had Lower Health-Related Quality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4).
11. Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020;16(1):57.
12. de Hoog N, Stroebe W, de Wit JBF. The processing of fear‐arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence. 2008;3(2):84-113.
13. Pakpour A, Griffiths M. The fear of Covid-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2.
14.Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. Bmj. 2020;368.
15. Tzur Bitan D, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N, Mendlovic S. Fear of Covid-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113100.
16. Panchal N, Kamal R, Orgera K, Cox C, Garfield R, Hamel L, et al. The implications of Covid-19 for mental health and substance use. Kaiser family foundation. 2020;21.
17. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. Thepsychological impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
18. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5).
19. Talevi D, Socci V, Carai M, Carnaghi G, Faleri S, Trebbi E, et al. Mental health outcomes of the Covid-19 pandemic. Riv Psichiatr. 2020;55(3):137-144.
20. Artan T, Meydan S, Irmak Yaşar H. Turkish Version of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale: Validity and Reliability Study Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği'nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Archives of health science and research. 2021;8(2).
21. Kapci EG, Uslu R, Turkcapar H, Karaoglan A. Beck Depression Inventory II: evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut‐off points in a Turkish adult population. Depression and anxiety. 2008;25(10):E104-E110.
22. Kılıç C, Erol N, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z. Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı profili: Erişkin nüfusla ilgili sonuçlar. Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili, Ön Rapor Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek ZT (ed) Ankara, Aydoğdu Ofset, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı. 1997.
23. McLean CP, Anderson ER. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical psychology review. 2009;29(6):496-505.
24. Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, Rodríguez-Martin BC. Gender and Fear of Covid-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2022;20(1):83-91.
25. Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, Gruenewald TL, Gurung RA, Updegraff JA. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological review. 2000;107(3):411.
26. Dryhurst S, Schneider CR, Kerr J, Freeman AL, Recchia G, Van Der Bles AM, et al. Risk perceptions of Covid-19 around the world. Journal of risk research. 2020;23(7-8):994-1006.
27. Jang S-N, Kawachi I, Chang J, Boo K, Shin H-G, Lee H, et al. Marital status, gender, and depression: Analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). Social Science & Medicine. 2009;69(11):1608-1615.
28. Bulloch AGM, Williams JVA, Lavorato DH, Patten SB. The depression and marital status relationship is modified by both age and gender. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017;223:65-68.
29. Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. JAMA network open. 2020;3(9):e2019686-e.
30. Kurt O, Deveci SE, Oguzoncul AF. Levels of anxiety and depression related to Covid-19 among physicians: An online cross-sectional study from Turkey. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 2020;11(Suppl 3):S288-293.
31. Yunus K, Rabiye A. Covid-19 ile yaşanan sosyal izolasyonun aile ve evlilik yaşamına yansımaları: Fenomenolojik bir çalışma. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021;15(3):510-520.
32. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Medical Journal of Australia. 2009;190(S7):S54-60.
33. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
34. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with Covid-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(7):6049-6057.
35. Doğan MM, Düzel B. Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4):739-752.
36. Ustun G. Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2021;67(1):54-63.
37. Yalçın İ. Covid-19 korkusu ile ruh sağlığı değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkide koruyucu ve risk faktörlerinin moderatör etkisi. 2022

Aile sağliği merkezine başvuran yetişkin bireylerde COVID-19 korkusu ve depresif belirti düzeyi arasındaki ilişki

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 88 - 94, 31.12.2023

Raşit Dursun Şehide Arslan Hasan Durmuş Elçin Balcı

https://doi.org/10.35514/mtd.2024.99

Öz

ÖZET
Amaç: COVID-19 pandemisi enfeksiyon ve ölüm riskinin yanında; bireylerde değişen düzeylerde psikolojik etkilere, stres tepkilerine ve depresif belirtilere sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada aile sağlığı merkezlerine başvuran 18 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde COVID-19 korkusu ve depresif belirti düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve demografik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal-Metot: Kesitsel tipte planlanan bu araştırma 2022 yılı ağustos ayında aile sağlığı merkezlerine başvuran 18 yaş ve üstü bireylerde yapıldı. Yüz yüze uygulanan anket formu tanımlayıcı sorular ile COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeğinden oluşmaktaydı. Veriler Kocasinan, Melikgazi, Talas ilçelerinde bulunan aile sağlığı merkezlerinde toplandı. Örneklem büyüklüğü 657 kişi olarak hesaplandı ve araştırma 799 kişi ile tamamlandı. İstatistiksel analizlerde ANOVA, t testi, Pearson Kikare testi ve korelasyon analizi testleri kullanıldı ve p<0.05 değeri anlamlı kabul edildi.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların %49,3’ü COVID-19 geçirdiğini, %90,6’sı da en az bir doz COVID-19’a karşı aşı olduğunu belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların %26,2’si daha önce psikolojik desteğe ihtiyaç duyduğunu belirmiştir. Katılımcıların korku ölçeği puanı ortalaması 12,61±5,70 iken, Beck depresyon ölçeği puanı ortalaması 9,83±8,14 bulunmuştur. Depresyon ile COVID-19 korkusu arasında düşük düzeyde, pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. COVID-19 korkusu; kadınlarda erkeklerden, evlilerde bekarlardan ve kronik hastalığı olanlarda olmayanlardan anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Hafif-orta-şiddetli depresif belirti görülme sıklığı minimal depresif bulgulara göre kadınlarda erkeklerden, kronik hastalığı olanlarda olmayanlardan, ekonomik durumu kötü ve orta olanlarda iyi olanlardan anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Çalışma COVID-19 korkusu ve depresif belirtilerin hassas gruplarda daha yüksek düzeyde olabileceğini ve farklı grupların, pandemi şartlarından, psikososyal olarak farklı düzeylerde etkilenebileceğini göstermektedir. Pandemide toplumunda etkilenen bireyler için gerekli psikososyal desteğin sağlanması ile birlikte toplum ruh sağlığı çalışmalarının aksatılmaması gerekmektedir. Toplum sağlığına bütüncül ve çoğulcu bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşılmalı, geliştirilen sağlık stratejilerinde toplumun geneliyle birlikte hassas gruplar da göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, pandemi, korku, depresyon, Beck

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, pandemi, korku, depresyon, Beck

Kaynakça

1. Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
2. Kilic R, Hatipoğlu ÇA, Güneş C. Quarantine and its legal dimension. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;50(9):544-548.
3. Durmuş H, Gökler ME, Metintaş S. The Effectiveness of Community-based Social Distancing for Mitigating the Spread of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Turkey. J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):397-404.
4. Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Meşe EA. Covid-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turkish journal of medical sciences. 2020;50(9):489-494.
5. Mailliez M, Griffiths MD, Carre A. Validation of the French Version of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale and Its Associations with Depression, Anxiety, and Differential Emotions. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(4):2057-2071.
6. Kaya B. Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(2):123-124.
7. Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(6):510-512.
8. Ornell F, Schuch JB, Sordi AO, Kessler FHP. "Pandemic fear" and Covid-19: mental health burden and strategies. Braz J Psychiatry. 2020;42(3):232-235.
9. Bo HX, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with Covid-19 in China. Psychol Med. 2021;51(6):1052-1053.
10. Nguyen HC, Nguyen MH, Do BN, Tran CQ, Nguyen TTP, Pham KM, et al. People with Suspected Covid-19 Symptoms Were More Likely Depressed and Had Lower Health-Related Quality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. J Clin Med. 2020;9(4).
11. Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the Covid-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health. 2020;16(1):57.
12. de Hoog N, Stroebe W, de Wit JBF. The processing of fear‐arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence. 2008;3(2):84-113.
13. Pakpour A, Griffiths M. The fear of Covid-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. 2020;2.
14.Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. Bmj. 2020;368.
15. Tzur Bitan D, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N, Mendlovic S. Fear of Covid-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113100.
16. Panchal N, Kamal R, Orgera K, Cox C, Garfield R, Hamel L, et al. The implications of Covid-19 for mental health and substance use. Kaiser family foundation. 2020;21.
17. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. Thepsychological impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
18. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5).
19. Talevi D, Socci V, Carai M, Carnaghi G, Faleri S, Trebbi E, et al. Mental health outcomes of the Covid-19 pandemic. Riv Psichiatr. 2020;55(3):137-144.
20. Artan T, Meydan S, Irmak Yaşar H. Turkish Version of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale: Validity and Reliability Study Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği'nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Archives of health science and research. 2021;8(2).
21. Kapci EG, Uslu R, Turkcapar H, Karaoglan A. Beck Depression Inventory II: evaluation of the psychometric properties and cut‐off points in a Turkish adult population. Depression and anxiety. 2008;25(10):E104-E110.
22. Kılıç C, Erol N, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z. Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı profili: Erişkin nüfusla ilgili sonuçlar. Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili, Ön Rapor Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek ZT (ed) Ankara, Aydoğdu Ofset, TC Sağlık Bakanlığı. 1997.
23. McLean CP, Anderson ER. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical psychology review. 2009;29(6):496-505.
24. Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, Rodríguez-Martin BC. Gender and Fear of Covid-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2022;20(1):83-91.
25. Taylor SE, Klein LC, Lewis BP, Gruenewald TL, Gurung RA, Updegraff JA. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological review. 2000;107(3):411.
26. Dryhurst S, Schneider CR, Kerr J, Freeman AL, Recchia G, Van Der Bles AM, et al. Risk perceptions of Covid-19 around the world. Journal of risk research. 2020;23(7-8):994-1006.
27. Jang S-N, Kawachi I, Chang J, Boo K, Shin H-G, Lee H, et al. Marital status, gender, and depression: Analysis of the baseline survey of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). Social Science & Medicine. 2009;69(11):1608-1615.
28. Bulloch AGM, Williams JVA, Lavorato DH, Patten SB. The depression and marital status relationship is modified by both age and gender. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2017;223:65-68.
29. Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. JAMA network open. 2020;3(9):e2019686-e.
30. Kurt O, Deveci SE, Oguzoncul AF. Levels of anxiety and depression related to Covid-19 among physicians: An online cross-sectional study from Turkey. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 2020;11(Suppl 3):S288-293.
31. Yunus K, Rabiye A. Covid-19 ile yaşanan sosyal izolasyonun aile ve evlilik yaşamına yansımaları: Fenomenolojik bir çalışma. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021;15(3):510-520.
32. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Medical Journal of Australia. 2009;190(S7):S54-60.
33. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
34. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with Covid-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(7):6049-6057.
35. Doğan MM, Düzel B. Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4):739-752.
36. Ustun G. Determining depression and related factors in a society affected by Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2021;67(1):54-63.
37. Yalçın İ. Covid-19 korkusu ile ruh sağlığı değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkide koruyucu ve risk faktörlerinin moderatör etkisi. 2022

Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar, Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Raşit Dursun 0000-0002-7641-7801 Şehide Arslan 0000-0002-1464-9746 Hasan Durmuş 0000-0001-5719-1475 Elçin Balcı 0000-0003-3203-198X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	5 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Dursun R, Arslan Ş, Durmuş H, Balcı E. Aile sağliği merkezine başvuran yetişkin bireylerde COVID-19 korkusu ve depresif belirti düzeyi arasındaki ilişki. Maltepe tıp derg. 2023;15(3):88-94.

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