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Effects of Amitriptyline on the Experimental Acute and Chronic Inflammation Models

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 160 - 172, 31.08.2018

Öz

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant and antagonizes
serotonergic, adrenergic, histaminergic and some cholinergic
receptors and blocks sodium, calcium and potassium channels which
has affects on inflammmation pathophysiology. The aim of our study
is to examine the anti-inflammatory effect (AIE) of amitriptyline on
acute and chronic inflammation models in rats. In our study acute
inflammation was created with carrageenan and histamine induced
paw edema models in rats. After measuring the basal right hind paw
volumes of rats, distilled water for the control group, diclofenac
sodium and amitriptyline (5- 10 and 20 mg/kg for carrageenan
model, 10 mg/kg for histamine model) for the other groups were
injected intraperitoneally. After 30 minutes, paw edema was induced
by injection of 1% carrageenan solution or 0.1% histamine solution
into sub-plantar region of the same right hind paws. Following the
injections paw volumes were measured 5 times at 1 hour intervals
(for carrageenan injection) and 6 times at 30 minutes intervals (for
histamine injection). The AIE’s of amitriptyline injected groups were
calculated based on the increase of paw edema volumes of the
control group. AIE effect of amitriptyline on the chronic phase of
inflammation were tested with Cotton-Pellet granuloma method. The
obtained results were analyzed by ANOVA and post-hoc LSD test.
Amitriptyline, 10 mg/kg, showed significant AIE at 1 and 2 hours
(52.56% and 46.43%) in carrageenan-induced paw edema model
(p<0.05) and at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes (in order of 46.23%,
40.05%, 43.34%, 47.67% and 52.94%) in histamine-induced paw
edema model (p<0.05). In Cotton-Pellet granuloma model,
amitriptyline showed significantly anti-proliferative effect based on
the wet and dry cotton pellets weights removed from rats (in order of
26.62%, 31.09%) (p< 0.05). Amitriptyline showed both acute ve
chronic AIE. The acute AIE of amitriptyline may be due to the
inhibition of some neuromediators (especially histamine) on the
early phase of inflammation. Chronic AIE may be useful for the
treatment of some chronic inflammatory diseases accompanied with
depression.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Temel Patoloji (Çev. Ed: Tuzlalı S, Güllüoğlu M, Çevikbaş U), Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 2013. s. 29-73.
  • 2. Calin A. Pain and inflammation. Am J Med 1984;77(3A):9-16.
  • 3. Higgins AJ. The biology pathophysiology and control of eicosanoids in inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985;8(1):1-18.
  • 4. Campos MM, Mata LV, Calixo JB. Expression of B1 kinin receptors mediating paw edema and formalin-induced nociception modulation by glicocorticoids. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995;73(7): 812-819.
  • 5. Simon LS. Role and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during inflammation. Am J Med 1999;106(5B):37S-42S.
  • 6. Feghali CA, Wright TM. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Front Bio Sci 1997;2:d12-26.
  • 7. Pryor WA. Oxy-radicals and related species: Their formationi lifetimes and reactions. Ann Rev Physiol 1986;48:657-667.
  • 8. Takeuchi A, Kobayashi K, Yukiyama Y, Chihara T, Matsuta K, Hashimoto A. Role of protease, protease-inhibitor complexes in inflammation. Int J Tissue React 1984;6(1):1-8.
  • 9. Sawynok J, Reid A. Antinociception by tricyclic antidepressants in the rat formalin test: differential effects on different behaviours following systemic and spinal administration. Pain 2001;93(1):51-9.
  • 10. Hundley JL, Yosipovitch G. Mirtazapine for reducing nocturnal itch in patients with chronic pruritus: A pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50(6):889-91.
  • 11. Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Human Psychopharmacol: 2001;16(1):95-103.
  • 12. Penninx BWJH, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Rubin S, Ferrucci L, Harris T, Pahor M. Inflammatory markers and depressed mood in older persons: Results from the health, aging and body composition study. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(5):566-72.
  • 13. Kayaalp SO, Tuncer M. Serotonin, Agonistleri ve Antagonistleri. Akılcı Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji 2. Cilt 13. Basım, Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara, 2012:1302- 1310,
  • 14. Abdel-Salam OM, Nofal SM, El-Shenawy SM. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of different antidepressants in the rat. Pharmacol Res 2003;48(2):157-65.
  • 15. Bianchi M, Rossoni G, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Berti F. Effects of chlomipramine and fluoxetine on subcutaneous carrageenin-induced inflammation in the rat. Inflamm Res 1995;44(11):466-469.
  • 16. Michelson D, Stone L, Galliven E, Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP, Sternberg EM, Gold PW. Multiple sclerosis is associated with alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79(3):848-53.
  • 17. Roumestan C, Michel A, Bichon F, Portet K, Detoc M, Henriquet C, Jaffuel D, Mathieu M. Antiinflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine. Respir Res 2007;8(1):35.
  • 18. Kayaalp SO, Eşkazan E. Duygudurum bozukluklarında kullanılan ilaçlar. Akılcı Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. 2. Cilt, 13. Basım, Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd Şti. Ankara, 2012:801-825.
  • 19. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;340(2-3):249-58.
  • 20. Gerner P, Kao G, Srinivasa V, Narang S, Wang GK. Topical Amitriptyline in Healthy Volunteers Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;28(4):289- 93.
  • 21. Pancrazio JJ, Kamatchi GL, Roscoe AK, Lynch C 3rd. Inhibition of neuronal Na+ channels by antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;284 (1): 208–14.
  • 22. Punke MA, Friederich P. Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth and Analg 2007;104 (5):1256– 1264.
  • 23. Koç F, Süleyman H, Polat B. The Antiinflammatory Activity of Antidepressant Drugs in Rats. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine 2007;39:169-172.
  • 24. Sadeghi H, Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Movahedian A, Talebi A. A study on the mechanisms involving the anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Eur Pharmacol 2011;667(1-3):396-401.
  • 25. Singh H, Patil PA, Hashilkar NK, Rakesh M. The Influence Of Some Antidepressants On Inflammation In Albino Rats. Pharmacology online 2009;3:356-365.
  • 26. Ozbakis-Dengiz G, Halici Z, Akpinar E, Cadirci E, Bilici D, Gursan N. Role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of amiodarone. Pharmacol Rep 2007;59(5):538-44.
  • 27. Özbakış Dengiz G, Akpınar E. AntiInflammatory Effects of L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007;27(3):328-34.
  • 28. Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Eftekhari M. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Selection of Antidepressant Drugs Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2008;4(3):225-230.
  • 29. Hajhashemi II V, Sadeghi H, Minaiyan M, Movahedian A, Talebi A. The role of central mechanisms in the anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65(11):1183-1187.
  • 30. Vismari L, Alves GJ, Palermo-Neto J. Amitriptyline and Acute Inflammation: A Study Using Intravital Microscopy and the CarrageenanInduced Paw Edema Model. Pharmacology 2010;86(4):231–239.
  • 31. Nguyen T, Shapiro DA, George SR, Setola V, Lee DK, Cheng R, Rauser L, Lee SP, Lynch KR, Roth BL, O'Dowd BF. Discovery of a novel member of the histamine receptor family. Mol Pharmacol 2001;59(3):427-33.
  • 32. Duran A. Depresyon Tedavisinde Hastaya Yaklaşım, Farmakoterapi Prensipleri Trisiklik ve Tetrasiklik Antidepressanlar, SSRI’lar ve SNRI’ler. İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri. Depresyon, Somatizasyon ve Psikiyatrik Aciller Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2-3 Aralık 1999;93-106,
  • 33. Thurmond RL, Desai PJ, Dunford PJ, FungLeung WP, Hofstra CL, Jiang W, Nguyen S, Riley JP, Sun S, Williams KN, Edwards JP, Karlsson L. A Potent and Selective Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonist with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;309(1):404–413.
  • 34. Bahi A, Schwed JS, Walter M, Stark H, Sadek B. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activities of the novel and potent non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist ST-1283. Drug Des, Develop Ther 2014;8:627–637.
  • 35. Rajtar S, Irman-Florjanc T. Amitriptyline affects histamine-N-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase activity in rats and guinea pigs. Eur Pharmacol 2007;574(2-3):201-208.
  • 36. Cash JL, White GE, Greaves DR. Chapter 17. Zymosan-induced peritonitis as a simple experimental system for the study of inflammation. Methods Enzymol 2009;461:379-96.
  • 37. Fattahian E, Hajhashemi V, Rabbani M, Minaiyan M, Mahzouni P. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Amitriptyline on Ulcerative Colitis in Normal and Reserpine-Induced Depressed Rats. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15:125-137.
  • 38. Rafiee L, Hajhashemi V, Javanmard STT. In vitro and in vivo modulation of LPS and carrageenan-induced expression of inflammatory genes by amitriptyline. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 2017; 5 (3): 144-155.
  • 39. Çolakoğlu B, Nacitarhan V, Yurtçu S. Fibromiyaljili Olgularda Basınç ve Kutanöz Ağrı Eşiği Değerleri. C. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2002;24(1):9-14.
  • 40. Levy RM, Rose JE, Johnson JS. Effect of vagotomy on anaphylaxis in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol 1976;24(1):96-101.
  • 41. Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Huston JM, Czura CJ, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ. Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(13):5219-23.
  • 42. Kothiyal G, Gupta B, Thawani V. AntiInflammatory Activity Of Calcium Channel Blockers. International Journal Of Life Science And Pharm Research Pharmaceutical Science Pharmacology 2012;2(2):1-6.
  • 43. Güneş ML, Yazici E, Yazıcı AB, Ferah I, Çadırcı E. Antidepresan ilaçların gastrik ülser üzerine etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 20013;40(4):691- 699.
  • 44. Matteo V, Mascio M, Giovanni G, Esposito E. Acute administration of amitriptyline and mianserin increases dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: possible involvement of serotonin2C receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150(1):45-51.
  • 45. Pandey DK, Mahesh R, Kumar AA, Rao VS, Arjun M, Rajkumar R. A novel 5-HT2A receptor antagonist exhibits antidepressant-like effects in a battery of rodent behavioural assays: Approaching early-onset antidepressants. Pharmacology, Bioche Behav 2010;94(3):363-73.
  • 46. López-Rodrígueza ML, Benhamúa B, Morcillob MJ, Porrasa E, Lavanderaa JL, Pardoc L. Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Antagonists. Curr. Med. Chem. – Central Nervous System Agents 2004; 4(3):000-000.

Amitriptilinin Deneysel Akut ve Kronik İnflamasyon Modelleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 160 - 172, 31.08.2018

Öz

Amitriptilin, inflamasyon fizyopatolojisinde etkili olan serotonerjik,
adrenerjik, histaminerjik ve bazı kolinerjik reseptörleri antagonize,
sodyum, kalsiyum ve potasyum kanallarını bloke ettiği bildirilen
trisiklik bir antidepresandır. Çalışmamızın amacı amitriptilinin
sıçanlarda oluşturulan akut ve kronik inflamasyon modellerinde antiinflamatuvar
etkilerini (AİE) araştırmaktır. Çalışmamızda akut
inflamasyon sıçan pençe modelinde karragenin ve histamin ile
oluşturuldu. Sıçanların sağ arka ayak hacimleri ölçülerek, kontrol
grubuna distile su, diğer gruplara diklofenak sodyum ve amitriptilin
(karragenin modelinde 5- 10 ve 20 mg/kg- histamin modelinde 10
mg/kg) intraperitoneal uygulandı ve 30 dakika sonra, aynı ayaklarda
%1’lik karagenin veya %0.1 ’lik histamin ile inflamasyon
oluşturuldu. Karragenin inflamasyonunu takiben, 1 saat ara ile 5 kez,
histamin inflamasyonunu takiben, 30 dakika ara ile 6 kez
hayvanların pençeleri ölçüldü. Amitriptilin gruplarının AİE’leri
kontrol grubu pençe ödemi artışlarına göre hesaplandı.
Çalışmamızda, amitriptilinin kronik AİE’si koton-pellet granüloma
testi ile değerlendirildi. Elde edilen sonuçlar ANOVA ve post-hoc
LSD testi ile analiz edildi. Amitriptilin, karragenin modelinde,
sadece 10 mg/kg dozda 1. ve 2. saatlerde %52.56 ve 46.43’lük AİE
göstermiştir (p<0.05). Histamin modelinde ise, amitriptilin 30, 60,
90, 120 ve 150. dakikalarda sırasıyla %46.23, 40.05, 43.34, 47.67 ve
52.94 oranlarında AİE sergilemiştir (p<0.050). Koton-pellet
granüloma testinde, amitriptilin uygulanan grupta pamuk bilyelerin
yaş ağırlıklarında %26.62’lik, kuru ağırlıklarında ise %31.09’luk
anti-proliferatif etki tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak,
amitriptilin akut ve kronik AİE göstermiştir. Akut AİE’si,
inflamasyonun erken fazında salınan bazı nöromediyatörlerin
(özellikle histamin) inhibisyonuna bağlı olabilir. Kronik AİE’ye
sahip olması ise depresyonla seyreden bazı kronik inflamatuvar
hastalıkların tedavilerinde yer alabilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Temel Patoloji (Çev. Ed: Tuzlalı S, Güllüoğlu M, Çevikbaş U), Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, İstanbul, 2013. s. 29-73.
  • 2. Calin A. Pain and inflammation. Am J Med 1984;77(3A):9-16.
  • 3. Higgins AJ. The biology pathophysiology and control of eicosanoids in inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985;8(1):1-18.
  • 4. Campos MM, Mata LV, Calixo JB. Expression of B1 kinin receptors mediating paw edema and formalin-induced nociception modulation by glicocorticoids. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1995;73(7): 812-819.
  • 5. Simon LS. Role and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 during inflammation. Am J Med 1999;106(5B):37S-42S.
  • 6. Feghali CA, Wright TM. Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation. Front Bio Sci 1997;2:d12-26.
  • 7. Pryor WA. Oxy-radicals and related species: Their formationi lifetimes and reactions. Ann Rev Physiol 1986;48:657-667.
  • 8. Takeuchi A, Kobayashi K, Yukiyama Y, Chihara T, Matsuta K, Hashimoto A. Role of protease, protease-inhibitor complexes in inflammation. Int J Tissue React 1984;6(1):1-8.
  • 9. Sawynok J, Reid A. Antinociception by tricyclic antidepressants in the rat formalin test: differential effects on different behaviours following systemic and spinal administration. Pain 2001;93(1):51-9.
  • 10. Hundley JL, Yosipovitch G. Mirtazapine for reducing nocturnal itch in patients with chronic pruritus: A pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50(6):889-91.
  • 11. Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Human Psychopharmacol: 2001;16(1):95-103.
  • 12. Penninx BWJH, Kritchevsky SB, Yaffe K, Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Rubin S, Ferrucci L, Harris T, Pahor M. Inflammatory markers and depressed mood in older persons: Results from the health, aging and body composition study. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54(5):566-72.
  • 13. Kayaalp SO, Tuncer M. Serotonin, Agonistleri ve Antagonistleri. Akılcı Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji 2. Cilt 13. Basım, Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti, Ankara, 2012:1302- 1310,
  • 14. Abdel-Salam OM, Nofal SM, El-Shenawy SM. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of different antidepressants in the rat. Pharmacol Res 2003;48(2):157-65.
  • 15. Bianchi M, Rossoni G, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Berti F. Effects of chlomipramine and fluoxetine on subcutaneous carrageenin-induced inflammation in the rat. Inflamm Res 1995;44(11):466-469.
  • 16. Michelson D, Stone L, Galliven E, Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP, Sternberg EM, Gold PW. Multiple sclerosis is associated with alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79(3):848-53.
  • 17. Roumestan C, Michel A, Bichon F, Portet K, Detoc M, Henriquet C, Jaffuel D, Mathieu M. Antiinflammatory properties of desipramine and fluoxetine. Respir Res 2007;8(1):35.
  • 18. Kayaalp SO, Eşkazan E. Duygudurum bozukluklarında kullanılan ilaçlar. Akılcı Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. 2. Cilt, 13. Basım, Pelikan Yayıncılık Ltd Şti. Ankara, 2012:801-825.
  • 19. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;340(2-3):249-58.
  • 20. Gerner P, Kao G, Srinivasa V, Narang S, Wang GK. Topical Amitriptyline in Healthy Volunteers Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;28(4):289- 93.
  • 21. Pancrazio JJ, Kamatchi GL, Roscoe AK, Lynch C 3rd. Inhibition of neuronal Na+ channels by antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;284 (1): 208–14.
  • 22. Punke MA, Friederich P. Amitriptyline is a potent blocker of human Kv1.1 and Kv7.2/7.3 channels. Anesth and Analg 2007;104 (5):1256– 1264.
  • 23. Koç F, Süleyman H, Polat B. The Antiinflammatory Activity of Antidepressant Drugs in Rats. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine 2007;39:169-172.
  • 24. Sadeghi H, Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Movahedian A, Talebi A. A study on the mechanisms involving the anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Eur Pharmacol 2011;667(1-3):396-401.
  • 25. Singh H, Patil PA, Hashilkar NK, Rakesh M. The Influence Of Some Antidepressants On Inflammation In Albino Rats. Pharmacology online 2009;3:356-365.
  • 26. Ozbakis-Dengiz G, Halici Z, Akpinar E, Cadirci E, Bilici D, Gursan N. Role of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration in the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of amiodarone. Pharmacol Rep 2007;59(5):538-44.
  • 27. Özbakış Dengiz G, Akpınar E. AntiInflammatory Effects of L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007;27(3):328-34.
  • 28. Hajhashemi V, Minaiyan M, Eftekhari M. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Selection of Antidepressant Drugs Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2008;4(3):225-230.
  • 29. Hajhashemi II V, Sadeghi H, Minaiyan M, Movahedian A, Talebi A. The role of central mechanisms in the anti-inflammatory effect of amitriptyline on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65(11):1183-1187.
  • 30. Vismari L, Alves GJ, Palermo-Neto J. Amitriptyline and Acute Inflammation: A Study Using Intravital Microscopy and the CarrageenanInduced Paw Edema Model. Pharmacology 2010;86(4):231–239.
  • 31. Nguyen T, Shapiro DA, George SR, Setola V, Lee DK, Cheng R, Rauser L, Lee SP, Lynch KR, Roth BL, O'Dowd BF. Discovery of a novel member of the histamine receptor family. Mol Pharmacol 2001;59(3):427-33.
  • 32. Duran A. Depresyon Tedavisinde Hastaya Yaklaşım, Farmakoterapi Prensipleri Trisiklik ve Tetrasiklik Antidepressanlar, SSRI’lar ve SNRI’ler. İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Etkinlikleri. Depresyon, Somatizasyon ve Psikiyatrik Aciller Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2-3 Aralık 1999;93-106,
  • 33. Thurmond RL, Desai PJ, Dunford PJ, FungLeung WP, Hofstra CL, Jiang W, Nguyen S, Riley JP, Sun S, Williams KN, Edwards JP, Karlsson L. A Potent and Selective Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonist with Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;309(1):404–413.
  • 34. Bahi A, Schwed JS, Walter M, Stark H, Sadek B. Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activities of the novel and potent non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonist ST-1283. Drug Des, Develop Ther 2014;8:627–637.
  • 35. Rajtar S, Irman-Florjanc T. Amitriptyline affects histamine-N-methyltransferase and diamine oxidase activity in rats and guinea pigs. Eur Pharmacol 2007;574(2-3):201-208.
  • 36. Cash JL, White GE, Greaves DR. Chapter 17. Zymosan-induced peritonitis as a simple experimental system for the study of inflammation. Methods Enzymol 2009;461:379-96.
  • 37. Fattahian E, Hajhashemi V, Rabbani M, Minaiyan M, Mahzouni P. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Amitriptyline on Ulcerative Colitis in Normal and Reserpine-Induced Depressed Rats. Iran J Pharm Res 2016; 15:125-137.
  • 38. Rafiee L, Hajhashemi V, Javanmard STT. In vitro and in vivo modulation of LPS and carrageenan-induced expression of inflammatory genes by amitriptyline. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 2017; 5 (3): 144-155.
  • 39. Çolakoğlu B, Nacitarhan V, Yurtçu S. Fibromiyaljili Olgularda Basınç ve Kutanöz Ağrı Eşiği Değerleri. C. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2002;24(1):9-14.
  • 40. Levy RM, Rose JE, Johnson JS. Effect of vagotomy on anaphylaxis in the rat. Clin Exp Immunol 1976;24(1):96-101.
  • 41. Pavlov VA, Ochani M, Gallowitsch-Puerta M, Ochani K, Huston JM, Czura CJ, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ. Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103(13):5219-23.
  • 42. Kothiyal G, Gupta B, Thawani V. AntiInflammatory Activity Of Calcium Channel Blockers. International Journal Of Life Science And Pharm Research Pharmaceutical Science Pharmacology 2012;2(2):1-6.
  • 43. Güneş ML, Yazici E, Yazıcı AB, Ferah I, Çadırcı E. Antidepresan ilaçların gastrik ülser üzerine etkileri. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 20013;40(4):691- 699.
  • 44. Matteo V, Mascio M, Giovanni G, Esposito E. Acute administration of amitriptyline and mianserin increases dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: possible involvement of serotonin2C receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;150(1):45-51.
  • 45. Pandey DK, Mahesh R, Kumar AA, Rao VS, Arjun M, Rajkumar R. A novel 5-HT2A receptor antagonist exhibits antidepressant-like effects in a battery of rodent behavioural assays: Approaching early-onset antidepressants. Pharmacology, Bioche Behav 2010;94(3):363-73.
  • 46. López-Rodrígueza ML, Benhamúa B, Morcillob MJ, Porrasa E, Lavanderaa JL, Pardoc L. Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor Antagonists. Curr. Med. Chem. – Central Nervous System Agents 2004; 4(3):000-000.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Candan Dalkılıç Bu kişi benim

Günnur Özbakış Dengiz

Murat İnanç Cengız

Zehra Kurçer

Zekiye Nur Banoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Dalkılıç C, Özbakış Dengiz G, Cengız Mİ, Kurçer Z, Banoğlu ZN. Amitriptilinin Deneysel Akut ve Kronik İnflamasyon Modelleri Üzerine Etkisi. Med J West Black Sea. 2018;2(2):160-72.

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