Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

IS JAPANESE SOCIETY REALLY ISLAMISING? (ISLAM’S PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE IN JAPANESE SOCIETY)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 294 - 316, 21.10.2023

İsa Abidoğlu

Öz

In modern Japan, besides Shintoism and Buddhism, there are many new religions with millions of adherents that cannot be ignored. However, among these new religions, Islam is undoubtedly the most striking one with its institutional identity and its transcendence of local dynamics. Islam’s relationship with Japan is quite new compared to its relations with other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. As a matter of fact, many studies date the encounter of Japanese society with Islam to the last quarter of the 19th century. It is possible to say that there are important reference points in this encounter in order to understand religion-society interaction in general. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine the relationship of Japanese society with Islam from a historical perspective, to penetrate the psycho-social background of the tendency to Islamisation in Japan and to decipher the factors affecting the formation and development of Islamic culture in Japan. In addition, it is aimed to provide an overview of the historical background and current situation of Muslims living in Japan and to overcome the lack of resources in this field. Firstly, the article will discuss the historical course of the appearance of Islam in Japanese society and the cultural relations between Japanese and Muslim peoples. Secondly, articles on attitudes and images of Islam in Japanese society in general are analysed. Finally, discussions in the context of religion-society interaction will be included by referring to sections of studies on the changes and transformations observed in the segment of Japanese people who accept Islam as a religion. It should also be noted that the field data declared in this article are studies conducted before 2020.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Religion-society interaction Japanese Culture Shintoism Islam in Japan.

Kaynakça

  • Ama, T. (2001). Why Are the Japanese Non-Religious? Japanese Spirituality: Being Non- Religious in a Religious Culture. University Press of America.
  • Ammerman, N. T. (2013). Spiritual But Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(2), 258–278.
  • Apatay, Ç. (1998). Ertuğrul Firkateyni’nin Öyküsü, XIX. Yüzyıldan Bugüne Türk – Japon İlişkileri, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dündar, A. M. (2013). Şehzade Abdülkerim Efendi’nin Japonya’nın Desteğiyle Türkistan İmparatoru Olma Meselesi Üzerine. Bilig Dergisi, 66(2), 79-92.
  • El-Maghrabi, N. (1995). Islam in Japan: The History of Islam in Japan, Nidau’l Islam 8.
  • Elnazarov, O. (2020). Islam In Japan And Its Dıstınctıve Features. International Engineering Journal For Research & Development, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/49R6B
  • Ernazarov, O. (2020). Islam In Japan And Its Dıstınctıve Features. International Engineering Journal For Research & Development, 5(9), 6. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/49R6B
  • Esenbel, S. (2007). 17. The Legacy Of The War And The World Of Islam In Japanese Pan-Asian Discourse: Wakabayashi Han’s Kaikyō Sekai To Nihon. In Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246038.i-516.105
  • Fitzgerald, T. (2003). Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in History, Social Anthropology and the Study of Religion. Japan Anthropology Workshop Newsletter, 35(2), https://japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/Fitzgerald.html
  • Gagné, I. (2017). Religious Globalization and Reflexive Secularization in a Japanese New Religion. Japan Review, 30, 153–177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44259465
  • Grapard, A. G. (1984). Japan’s Ignored Cultural Revolution: The Separation of Shinto and Buddhist Divinities in Meiji (‘Shimbutsu Bunri’) and a Case Study: Tōnomine. History of Religions 23(3), 240–65.
  • Green, N. (2015). Founding The First Mosque in Japan, Terrains of Exchange: Religious Economies of Global Islam, (N. Green, Ed.) (1st ed., pp. 235-280), Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.003.0008
  • Hasyim, F. (2016). Islamic Education With Multicultural Insight An Attempt Of Learning Unity In Diversity, GJAT, 6(2), 47-58.
  • Hirai, N. (2023, August 17). Shintō. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto Horii, M. (2020). Problems of ‘Religion’ in Japan: Part 1, Religion Compass, 14(11), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12376
  • Ienaga, S. (1965). Japan’s Modernization and Buddhism, Contemporary Religions in Japan, 6(1), 1–41. Josephson, J. Ā. (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kadıoğlu, A. M. (2021). The Use Of Shınto For The Legıtımızatıon Of Japanese Agressıon In East Asıa, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi 11(2), 493.
  • Kamuro, A. (2015). Japanese Spirituality Seen from the History of Islam in Japan, Language, Culture, and Communication, 7, 199-215.
  • Kavanaugh, C., & Jong, J. (2020). Is Japan religious? Journal for the Study of. Religion, Nature and Culture, 14, 152–180.
  • Kimpara, K. (2010). Religio and Seculer State in Japan”, Religion and The Secular State: National, ed. Jawier Martinez, Madrid: Universidad Complutense.
  • Kocalan, E. B. (2020). Japonya’ya Müslüman Göçü, Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 733-757, https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.689578
  • Kocalan, E. B. (2021). Four Motivations of Conversion to Islam: Japanese Muslims, Bilimname, 47(1), 713-754. doi:10.28949/bilimname.1066164
  • Kojima, H. (2006). Variations in Demographic Characteristics of Foreign Muslim Population in Japan: A Preliminary Estimation. The Japanese Journal of Population, 4(1), 115-130.
  • Krämer, H. M. (2013). How ‘Religion’ Came to Be Translated as ‘Shūkyō’: Shimaji Mokurai and the Appropriation of Religion in Early Meiji Japan. Japan Review, 25, 89–111.
  • Larsen, B. (1965). A Brief History of Shinto and Buddhism in Japan. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from Culture Trip: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/japan/articles/a-brief-history-of-shinto-and-buddhism-in-japan/
  • Levent, S. (2020), Japanese Knowledge about Muslims from the Meiji Restoration to Today: Islamic World in the Context of a Trans-National Space, Cihannuma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 1(2), 163-176. http://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.722035
  • Matsumoto, T. (2006). Images of Islam by Japanese Nigh School Students and Attempts to Correct them, Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies, 21 193–214.
  • Maxey, T. E. (2014). The Greatest Problem: Religion and State Formation in Meiji Japan, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
  • McCutcheon, R. T. (1997). Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Metraux, D. (2003). The Soka Gakkai in Australia: Globalization of a New Japanese Religion, Journal of Global Buddhism, 4, 113-115.
  • Miller, A. S. (1998). Why Japanese Religions Look Different: The Social Role of Religious Organizations in Japan. Review of Religious Research 39(4) (1998): 360–70.
  • Miura, T. (2006). Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Japanese High Schools: Questionnaire Survey and Textbooks. Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies 21(2), 173–91.
  • Morimoto, E. (1980), Islam in Japan, Islamic Center: Japan.
  • Morris, J.H. (2019). Some reflections on the first Muslim visitor to Japan. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 35, 116-30.
  • Morris, J.H. (2020). Christian-Muslim relations in 19th-century Japan, North America, South-East Asia, China, Japan, and Australasia (1800-1914). Brill, 485–506 DOI 10.1163/9789004429901_007
  • Prohl, I., & Nelson, J. K. (Eds.). (03 Sep. 2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004234369
  • Roemer, M. (2009). Religious Affiliation in Contemporary Japan: Untangling the Enigma. Review of Religious Research, 50(3), 298–320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25593743
  • Roemer, M. (2009). Religious Affiliation in Contemporary Japan: Untangling the Enigma. Review of Religious Research, 50(3), 298–320. Retrieved from JSTOR.
  • Sat, N. (2020). Abdürreşid İbrahim ve Musa Carullah’ın Talebesi Toshihiko Izutsu’nun Hayatı Eserleri: Türklere ve İslam’a Bakışı. Bilig, (95), 97-122. DOI: 10.12995/bilig.9505
  • Sat, N. (2018). Japonya’da İslâm Araştırmaları: Eserlerı̇ Ve Fı̇kı̇rlerı̇ Bağlamında Toshıhıko Izutsu, (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Shibuichi, D. (2015). Zaitokukai and the Problem with Hate Groups in Japan, Asian Survey, 55(4), 715–38. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.715
  • Tanada, H. (2008). Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan: An Analysis of Historical Materials of the Greater Japan Muslim League. Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies, 23(2), 215.
  • Tanada, H. (2013). Islamic Research Institutesin Wartime Japan: Introductory Investigation of the ‘Deposited Materials by the Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (Greater Japan Muslim League). Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies 28(2), 85–106.
  • Tanada, H. (2014). Tokyo: Institute for Multi-ethnic and Multigenerational Societies. Attitude Survey on Foreign Nationals Imizu City Report, 323-345.
  • Toshimaro A. (2005). Why Are the Japanese Non-Religious?: Japanese Spirituality: Being Non- Religious in a Religious Culture. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  • Yamagata, A. (2019). Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Contemporary Japan, New Voices in Japanese Studies, 11, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.11.01
  • Yamaguchi, T. (2013). Xenophobia in Action: Ultranationalism, Hate Speech, and the Internet in Japan, Radical History Review, 117, 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2210617
  • Yamashita, Y. (2022). Islam and Muslims in “non-religious” Japan: Caught in between prejudice against Islam and performative tolerance. International Journal of Asian Studies, 19(1), 81-97. doi:10.1017/S1479591421000012
  • Yulita, I. R. & Ong, S. (2019). “The Changing Image of Islam in Japan: The Role of Civil Society in Disseminating better Information about Islam” Journal of Islamic Studies 57/1.
  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı Uluslararası Dini Özgürlükler Ofisi, (2020). 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Japan, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/japan/
  • Blakkarly, J. (13 July, 2016) “Shadow of Surveillance Looms over Japan’s Muslims”, The Japan Times, , https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2016/07/13/issues/shadow-surveillance-looms-japans-muslims/
  • Bostanoğlu, B. (2016). Oramiral Bostanoğlu ile Söyleşi, Military Science & Intelligence Aylık Savunma Teknolojileri Dergisi, 130, 32. https://www.savunmahaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/msi_dergisi_130_nisan_2016.pdf
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, August 11). Japanese religion. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-religion
  • Chatani, S. (2023). How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/01/how-address-racism-heart-japan-south-korea-tensions (Erişim 8 Ekim 2023)
  • Jarny B. (2016). Shadow of Surveillance Looms over Japan’s Muslims, The Japan Times, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2016/07/13/issues/shadow-surveillance-looms-japans-muslims/ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), (2014). Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers report of Japan, 21. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2014/08/committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-considers-report-japan?LangID=E&NewsID=14957
  • Unesco, (2004). International Symposium on Cultural Diversity and Globalization: the Arab-Japanese Experience, a Cross-Regional Dialogue, Paris, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139318
  • Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Spying on Muslims in Tokyo and New York-Necessary and Unavoidable? (2016). https://apjjf.org/--Asia-Pacific-Journal-Report/4956/article.pdf
  • Vav Tv, (2022). Türk ve Japon Kültürü Arasındaki Benzerlikler - Millet Kıraathanesi, 59. Bölüm” Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_hzXRbF1Oc https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10224446275846402&set=pcb.6659061990841776

GERÇEKTEN JAPONYA MÜSLÜMANLAŞIYOR MU? (JAPON TOPLUMUNDA İSLAM’IN DÜNÜ, BUGÜNÜ VE YARINI)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 294 - 316, 21.10.2023

İsa Abidoğlu

Öz

Modern Japonya’da Şintoizm ve Budizm’in yanı sıra, milyonlarca taraftarı olan ve göz ardı edilmesi mümkün olmayan birçok yeni din vardır. Fakat bu yeni dinlerin içinde kurumsal kimliği ve yerel dinamikleri aşan yönüyle en dikkat çekeni şüphesiz İslam dinidir. İslam’ın Japonya ile olan ilişkisi Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa’daki diğer ülkelerle olan ilişkilerine kıyasla oldukça yenidir. Nitekim birçok çalışma Japon toplumunun İslam’la karşılaşmasını 19. Yüzyılın son çeyreğine tarihlendirir. Söz konusu karşılaşmada genel olarak din-toplum etkileşimini anlamak adına önemli referans noktaları olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Dolayısıyla bu makalenin amacı, Japon toplumunun İslam’la olan ilişkisini tarihsel perspektiften ele alarak, Japonya’da Müslümanlaşma temayülünün psiko-sosyal arka planına nüfuz etmek ve İslami kültürün Japonya’da oluşum ve gelişimini etkileyen faktörlerini deşifre etmektir. Makalede ilk olarak İslam’ın Japon toplumunda görülmesinin tarihi seyri ve Japonlarla Müslüman halklar arasındaki kültürel ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. İkinci konu olarak Japon toplumunda genel olarak İslam dinine yönelik tutum ve imajlara değinen makaleler üzerine incelemeler yapılmıştır. Sonda ise Japon halkından İslam’ı kabul edenlerde gözlemlenen değişim ve dönüşümleri konu alan çalışmalardan kesitlere değinmek suretiyle din-toplum etkileşimi bağlamında tartışmalara yer verilecektir. Ayrıca belirtmek gerekir ki bu makalede beyan edilen saha verileri 2020 yılı öncesi yapılan çalışmalar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Din-toplum etkileşimi Japon Kültürü Şintoizm Japonya’da İslam Japonya’da Dini hayat

Kaynakça

  • Ama, T. (2001). Why Are the Japanese Non-Religious? Japanese Spirituality: Being Non- Religious in a Religious Culture. University Press of America.
  • Ammerman, N. T. (2013). Spiritual But Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(2), 258–278.
  • Apatay, Ç. (1998). Ertuğrul Firkateyni’nin Öyküsü, XIX. Yüzyıldan Bugüne Türk – Japon İlişkileri, Milliyet Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dündar, A. M. (2013). Şehzade Abdülkerim Efendi’nin Japonya’nın Desteğiyle Türkistan İmparatoru Olma Meselesi Üzerine. Bilig Dergisi, 66(2), 79-92.
  • El-Maghrabi, N. (1995). Islam in Japan: The History of Islam in Japan, Nidau’l Islam 8.
  • Elnazarov, O. (2020). Islam In Japan And Its Dıstınctıve Features. International Engineering Journal For Research & Development, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/49R6B
  • Ernazarov, O. (2020). Islam In Japan And Its Dıstınctıve Features. International Engineering Journal For Research & Development, 5(9), 6. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/49R6B
  • Esenbel, S. (2007). 17. The Legacy Of The War And The World Of Islam In Japanese Pan-Asian Discourse: Wakabayashi Han’s Kaikyō Sekai To Nihon. In Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246038.i-516.105
  • Fitzgerald, T. (2003). Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in History, Social Anthropology and the Study of Religion. Japan Anthropology Workshop Newsletter, 35(2), https://japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/Fitzgerald.html
  • Gagné, I. (2017). Religious Globalization and Reflexive Secularization in a Japanese New Religion. Japan Review, 30, 153–177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44259465
  • Grapard, A. G. (1984). Japan’s Ignored Cultural Revolution: The Separation of Shinto and Buddhist Divinities in Meiji (‘Shimbutsu Bunri’) and a Case Study: Tōnomine. History of Religions 23(3), 240–65.
  • Green, N. (2015). Founding The First Mosque in Japan, Terrains of Exchange: Religious Economies of Global Islam, (N. Green, Ed.) (1st ed., pp. 235-280), Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190222536.003.0008
  • Hasyim, F. (2016). Islamic Education With Multicultural Insight An Attempt Of Learning Unity In Diversity, GJAT, 6(2), 47-58.
  • Hirai, N. (2023, August 17). Shintō. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto Horii, M. (2020). Problems of ‘Religion’ in Japan: Part 1, Religion Compass, 14(11), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12376
  • Ienaga, S. (1965). Japan’s Modernization and Buddhism, Contemporary Religions in Japan, 6(1), 1–41. Josephson, J. Ā. (2012). The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kadıoğlu, A. M. (2021). The Use Of Shınto For The Legıtımızatıon Of Japanese Agressıon In East Asıa, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi 11(2), 493.
  • Kamuro, A. (2015). Japanese Spirituality Seen from the History of Islam in Japan, Language, Culture, and Communication, 7, 199-215.
  • Kavanaugh, C., & Jong, J. (2020). Is Japan religious? Journal for the Study of. Religion, Nature and Culture, 14, 152–180.
  • Kimpara, K. (2010). Religio and Seculer State in Japan”, Religion and The Secular State: National, ed. Jawier Martinez, Madrid: Universidad Complutense.
  • Kocalan, E. B. (2020). Japonya’ya Müslüman Göçü, Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 733-757, https://doi.org/10.14395/hititilahiyat.689578
  • Kocalan, E. B. (2021). Four Motivations of Conversion to Islam: Japanese Muslims, Bilimname, 47(1), 713-754. doi:10.28949/bilimname.1066164
  • Kojima, H. (2006). Variations in Demographic Characteristics of Foreign Muslim Population in Japan: A Preliminary Estimation. The Japanese Journal of Population, 4(1), 115-130.
  • Krämer, H. M. (2013). How ‘Religion’ Came to Be Translated as ‘Shūkyō’: Shimaji Mokurai and the Appropriation of Religion in Early Meiji Japan. Japan Review, 25, 89–111.
  • Larsen, B. (1965). A Brief History of Shinto and Buddhism in Japan. Retrieved July 7, 2021, from Culture Trip: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/japan/articles/a-brief-history-of-shinto-and-buddhism-in-japan/
  • Levent, S. (2020), Japanese Knowledge about Muslims from the Meiji Restoration to Today: Islamic World in the Context of a Trans-National Space, Cihannuma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi 1(2), 163-176. http://doi.org/10.30517/cihannuma.722035
  • Matsumoto, T. (2006). Images of Islam by Japanese Nigh School Students and Attempts to Correct them, Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies, 21 193–214.
  • Maxey, T. E. (2014). The Greatest Problem: Religion and State Formation in Meiji Japan, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
  • McCutcheon, R. T. (1997). Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Metraux, D. (2003). The Soka Gakkai in Australia: Globalization of a New Japanese Religion, Journal of Global Buddhism, 4, 113-115.
  • Miller, A. S. (1998). Why Japanese Religions Look Different: The Social Role of Religious Organizations in Japan. Review of Religious Research 39(4) (1998): 360–70.
  • Miura, T. (2006). Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Japanese High Schools: Questionnaire Survey and Textbooks. Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies 21(2), 173–91.
  • Morimoto, E. (1980), Islam in Japan, Islamic Center: Japan.
  • Morris, J.H. (2019). Some reflections on the first Muslim visitor to Japan. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 35, 116-30.
  • Morris, J.H. (2020). Christian-Muslim relations in 19th-century Japan, North America, South-East Asia, China, Japan, and Australasia (1800-1914). Brill, 485–506 DOI 10.1163/9789004429901_007
  • Prohl, I., & Nelson, J. K. (Eds.). (03 Sep. 2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004234369
  • Roemer, M. (2009). Religious Affiliation in Contemporary Japan: Untangling the Enigma. Review of Religious Research, 50(3), 298–320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25593743
  • Roemer, M. (2009). Religious Affiliation in Contemporary Japan: Untangling the Enigma. Review of Religious Research, 50(3), 298–320. Retrieved from JSTOR.
  • Sat, N. (2020). Abdürreşid İbrahim ve Musa Carullah’ın Talebesi Toshihiko Izutsu’nun Hayatı Eserleri: Türklere ve İslam’a Bakışı. Bilig, (95), 97-122. DOI: 10.12995/bilig.9505
  • Sat, N. (2018). Japonya’da İslâm Araştırmaları: Eserlerı̇ Ve Fı̇kı̇rlerı̇ Bağlamında Toshıhıko Izutsu, (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Shibuichi, D. (2015). Zaitokukai and the Problem with Hate Groups in Japan, Asian Survey, 55(4), 715–38. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.4.715
  • Tanada, H. (2008). Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan: An Analysis of Historical Materials of the Greater Japan Muslim League. Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies, 23(2), 215.
  • Tanada, H. (2013). Islamic Research Institutesin Wartime Japan: Introductory Investigation of the ‘Deposited Materials by the Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (Greater Japan Muslim League). Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies 28(2), 85–106.
  • Tanada, H. (2014). Tokyo: Institute for Multi-ethnic and Multigenerational Societies. Attitude Survey on Foreign Nationals Imizu City Report, 323-345.
  • Toshimaro A. (2005). Why Are the Japanese Non-Religious?: Japanese Spirituality: Being Non- Religious in a Religious Culture. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
  • Yamagata, A. (2019). Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Contemporary Japan, New Voices in Japanese Studies, 11, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.11.01
  • Yamaguchi, T. (2013). Xenophobia in Action: Ultranationalism, Hate Speech, and the Internet in Japan, Radical History Review, 117, 98–118. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2210617
  • Yamashita, Y. (2022). Islam and Muslims in “non-religious” Japan: Caught in between prejudice against Islam and performative tolerance. International Journal of Asian Studies, 19(1), 81-97. doi:10.1017/S1479591421000012
  • Yulita, I. R. & Ong, S. (2019). “The Changing Image of Islam in Japan: The Role of Civil Society in Disseminating better Information about Islam” Journal of Islamic Studies 57/1.
  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı Uluslararası Dini Özgürlükler Ofisi, (2020). 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Japan, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/japan/
  • Blakkarly, J. (13 July, 2016) “Shadow of Surveillance Looms over Japan’s Muslims”, The Japan Times, , https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2016/07/13/issues/shadow-surveillance-looms-japans-muslims/
  • Bostanoğlu, B. (2016). Oramiral Bostanoğlu ile Söyleşi, Military Science & Intelligence Aylık Savunma Teknolojileri Dergisi, 130, 32. https://www.savunmahaber.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/msi_dergisi_130_nisan_2016.pdf
  • Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, August 11). Japanese religion. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Japanese-religion
  • Chatani, S. (2023). How to Address the Racism at the Heart of Japan-South Korea Tensions, United States Institute of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/01/how-address-racism-heart-japan-south-korea-tensions (Erişim 8 Ekim 2023)
  • Jarny B. (2016). Shadow of Surveillance Looms over Japan’s Muslims, The Japan Times, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2016/07/13/issues/shadow-surveillance-looms-japans-muslims/ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), (2014). Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers report of Japan, 21. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2014/08/committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-considers-report-japan?LangID=E&NewsID=14957
  • Unesco, (2004). International Symposium on Cultural Diversity and Globalization: the Arab-Japanese Experience, a Cross-Regional Dialogue, Paris, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139318
  • Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Spying on Muslims in Tokyo and New York-Necessary and Unavoidable? (2016). https://apjjf.org/--Asia-Pacific-Journal-Report/4956/article.pdf
  • Vav Tv, (2022). Türk ve Japon Kültürü Arasındaki Benzerlikler - Millet Kıraathanesi, 59. Bölüm” Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_hzXRbF1Oc https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10224446275846402&set=pcb.6659061990841776
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dini Araştırmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi Cilt 7 Sayı 3
Yazarlar

İsa Abidoğlu 0000-0002-3559-2304

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Abidoğlu, İ. (2023). GERÇEKTEN JAPONYA MÜSLÜMANLAŞIYOR MU? (JAPON TOPLUMUNDA İSLAM’IN DÜNÜ, BUGÜNÜ VE YARINI). Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 294-316.
 Kapak Resmi İndir