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Investigation of physical activity level, sleep quality and emotional status of disabled athletes during the epidemic period

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 38 - 47, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.817502

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic process on physical activity levels, sleep quality, anxiety, depression and stress levels of physically disabled athletes and non-disabled athletes.
Methods: This study was conducted as an online survey. After recording the physical activities and socio-demographic information of the athletes, sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality questionnaire, anxiety states with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, depression states with the Epidemiological Research Center Depression Scale and the perceived stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale. Thirty-two Republic of Turkey Ministry of Youth and Sports’ registered athletes and seventy-three Turkey Physically Disabled Sports Federation’s registered athletes, who over the age of 18 were included in this study. Athletes who didn’t answer at least one questionnaire were excluded from the study.
Results: There was no significant difference in COVID-19 incidence, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression levels between the groups (p>0.05). It was observed that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age, age in sports, education levels, professionalism levels, thoughts about home exercises and perceived stress levels (p<0.05).
Conclusion: During the pandemic period, physically disabled and non-disabled athletes who continued to exercise at home and their sleep quality, anxiety and depression levels were like each other. We think that in the later stages of the pandemic and after the pandemic, the athletes can be re-evaluated and the athletes competing individually and as a team can be compared. 

References

  • 1. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID19. JAMA. 2020;323:1406-1407.
  • 2. Fehr AR, Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Middle East respiratory syndrome: emergence of a pathogenic human coronavirus. Ann Rev Med. 2017;68:387-399.
  • 3. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus– China. 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/12- January-2020- novel-coronavirus-china/en/.
  • 4. Futterman M, Panja T, Keh A. As coronavirus spreads, Olympics face ticking clock and a tough call. The New York Times. 2020.
  • 5. Wijesooriya NR, Mishra V, Brand PL, et al. COVID-19 and telehealth, education, and research adaptations. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;35:38-42.
  • 6. Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, et al. Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9:103-104.
  • 7. Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL. Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med. 2018;48:3-16.
  • 8. Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M. COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question. Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11:e102630.
  • 9. Demir GT, Cicioğlu Hİ, İlhan EL. Athlete’s Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid19) Scale (AACNCS): Validity and reliability study. HumanSciences. 2020;17:458-468.
  • 10. Kunik ME, Roundy K, Veazey C, et al. Surprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disorders. Chest. 2005;127:1205-1211.
  • 11. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9:1-12.
  • 12. Dantas MJB, Dantas TLFS, Júnior JdPD, et al. COVID-19: Considerations for the disabled athlete. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc. 2020;19:30-34.
  • 13. Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID19. Lancet. 2020;395:e52.
  • 14. Usher K, Bhullar N, Jackson D. Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:2756-2757.
  • 15. Buysse D, Reynolds C, Monk T, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193-213.
  • 16. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1996;7:107-115.
  • 17. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092-1097.
  • 18. Sungur M, Aydin E, Güçlü O, et al. Validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2013;23:772-777.
  • 19. Spijker J, Van der Wurff F, Poort E, et al. Depression in first generation labour migrants in Western Europe: the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐ D). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:538-544.
  • 20. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385-401.
  • 21. Lehmann V, Makine C, Karşıdağ Ç, et al. Validation of the Turkish version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:1-7.
  • 22. Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013;51:132- 140.
  • 23. Hatun O, Dicle AN, Demirci İ. Koronavirüs salgınının psikolojik yansımaları ve salgınla başa çıkma. Turkish Studies. 2020;15:531-554.
  • 24. Kanık ZH. Covid-19 pandemisinde ev tabanlı fiziksel aktivite. Gazi Sağlık Bilim. Derg. 2020;(Özel Sayı):46-51.
  • 25. Blocken B, Van Druenen T, Van Hooff T, et al. Can indoor sports centers be allowed to re-open during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a certificate of equivalence? Build Environ. 2020;180:107022.
  • 26. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62:370- 378.
  • 27. Samuels C. Sleep, recovery, and performance: the new frontier in high-performance athletics. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:169-180.
  • 28. Kroshus E, Wagner J, Wyrick D, et al. Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:731-736.
  • 29. Mon-López D, García-Aliaga A, Bartolomé AG, et al. How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players? Physiol Behavior. 2020;227:113148.
  • 30. Kowal M, Coll‐Martín T, Ikizer G, et al. Who is the most stressed during the covid‐19 pandemic? Data from 26 countries and areas. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12:946-966.
  • 31. Yılmaz SK, Eskici G. Evaluation of emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional, physical activity and sleep) status of Turkish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24:942-949.
  • 32. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, et al. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102092.
  • 33. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatr Res. 2020;288:112954.
  • 34. Hull JH, Loosemore M, Schwellnus M. Respiratory health in athletes: facing the COVID-19 challenge. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:557-558.
  • 35. Davis PA, Gustafsson H, Callow N, et al. Written emotional disclosure can promote athletes’ mental health and performance readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:599925
  • 36. Reardon CL, Bindra A, Blauwet C, et al. Mental health management of elite athletes during COVID-19: a narrative review and recommendations. Br J Sports Med. 2020;55:608-615.
  • 37. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): considerations for the competitive athlete. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA; 2020
  • 38. Anshel M, Anderson D. Coping with acute stress in sport: Linking athletes' coping style, coping strategies, affect, and motor performance. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2002;15:193-209.
  • 39. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Fuentes-García JP, de la Vega Marcos R, et al. Modulators of the personal and professional threat perception of Olympic athletes in the actual COVID-19 crisis. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1985.
  • 40. Şenışık S, Denerel N, Köyağasıoğlu O, et al. The effect of isolation on athletes’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Phys Sportsmed. 2020;49:187-193.
  • 41. Håkansson A, Jönsson C, Kenttä G. Psychological distress and problem gambling in elite athletes during COVID-19 restrictions-A web survey in top leagues of three sports during the pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6693.
  • 42. di Fronso S, Costa S, Montesano C, et al. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022;20:79- 91.
  • 43. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, et al. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1027-1035.
  • 44. Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull. 2017;143:783-822.

Salgın döneminde bedensel engelli sporcuların fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, uyku kalitesi ve emosyonel durumlarının incelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 38 - 47, 29.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.817502

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 salgın sürecinin, bedensel engelli sporcuların ve engeli olmayan sporcuların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri, uyku kalitesi, anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeyleri üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktı.
Yöntem: Çalışma, çevrimiçi anket olarak gerçekleştirildi. Sporcuların fiziksel aktiviteleri ve sosyo-demografik bilgileri kaydedildikten sonra Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi Anketi kullanılarak uyku kaliteleri, Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu Anketi ile anksiyete durumları, Epidemiyolojik Araştırmalar Merkezi Depresyon Ölçeği ile depresyon durumları ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ile algılanan stres düzeyleri değerlendirildi. Çalışmaya 18 yaş üstü Türkiye Gençlik Spor Bakanlığı’na bağlı kulüplere kayıtlı 32 engeli olmayan sporcu ve Türkiye Bedensel Engelli Spor Federasyonu’na bağlı 73 bedensel engelli sporcu dahil edildi. Anket sorularından en az birini yanıtlamayan sporcular çalışmadan dışlandı.
Bulgular: Gruplar arasında COVID-19 görülme oranı, uyku kalitesi, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir fark görülmedi (p>0,05). Grupların yaş, spordaki yaşı, eğitim düzeyleri, profesyonellik düzeyleri, evde yapılan egzersizler hakkındaki düşünceleri ve algılanan stres düzeyleri açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu görüldü (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Pandemi sürecinde bedensel engelli ve engeli olmayan sporcuların uyku kalitesi, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerinin birbirine benzerlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Pandeminin ilerleyen dönemlerinde ve pandemi sonrasında daha fazla sayıda sporcu yeniden değerlendirilerek, bireysel ve takım halinde yarışan sporcular da karşılaştırılabilir.

References

  • 1. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID19. JAMA. 2020;323:1406-1407.
  • 2. Fehr AR, Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Middle East respiratory syndrome: emergence of a pathogenic human coronavirus. Ann Rev Med. 2017;68:387-399.
  • 3. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus– China. 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/12- January-2020- novel-coronavirus-china/en/.
  • 4. Futterman M, Panja T, Keh A. As coronavirus spreads, Olympics face ticking clock and a tough call. The New York Times. 2020.
  • 5. Wijesooriya NR, Mishra V, Brand PL, et al. COVID-19 and telehealth, education, and research adaptations. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;35:38-42.
  • 6. Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, et al. Wuhan coronavirus (2019-nCoV): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9:103-104.
  • 7. Owens DJ, Allison R, Close GL. Vitamin D and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med. 2018;48:3-16.
  • 8. Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M. COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; that is the question. Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11:e102630.
  • 9. Demir GT, Cicioğlu Hİ, İlhan EL. Athlete’s Anxiety to Catch the Novel Coronavirus (Covid19) Scale (AACNCS): Validity and reliability study. HumanSciences. 2020;17:458-468.
  • 10. Kunik ME, Roundy K, Veazey C, et al. Surprisingly high prevalence of anxiety and depression in chronic breathing disorders. Chest. 2005;127:1205-1211.
  • 11. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu Y-J, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9:1-12.
  • 12. Dantas MJB, Dantas TLFS, Júnior JdPD, et al. COVID-19: Considerations for the disabled athlete. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc. 2020;19:30-34.
  • 13. Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID19. Lancet. 2020;395:e52.
  • 14. Usher K, Bhullar N, Jackson D. Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:2756-2757.
  • 15. Buysse D, Reynolds C, Monk T, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193-213.
  • 16. Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 1996;7:107-115.
  • 17. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092-1097.
  • 18. Sungur M, Aydin E, Güçlü O, et al. Validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2013;23:772-777.
  • 19. Spijker J, Van der Wurff F, Poort E, et al. Depression in first generation labour migrants in Western Europe: the utility of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐ D). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:538-544.
  • 20. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1:385-401.
  • 21. Lehmann V, Makine C, Karşıdağ Ç, et al. Validation of the Turkish version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:1-7.
  • 22. Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013;51:132- 140.
  • 23. Hatun O, Dicle AN, Demirci İ. Koronavirüs salgınının psikolojik yansımaları ve salgınla başa çıkma. Turkish Studies. 2020;15:531-554.
  • 24. Kanık ZH. Covid-19 pandemisinde ev tabanlı fiziksel aktivite. Gazi Sağlık Bilim. Derg. 2020;(Özel Sayı):46-51.
  • 25. Blocken B, Van Druenen T, Van Hooff T, et al. Can indoor sports centers be allowed to re-open during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a certificate of equivalence? Build Environ. 2020;180:107022.
  • 26. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020;62:370- 378.
  • 27. Samuels C. Sleep, recovery, and performance: the new frontier in high-performance athletics. Neurol Clin. 2008;26:169-180.
  • 28. Kroshus E, Wagner J, Wyrick D, et al. Wake up call for collegiate athlete sleep: narrative review and consensus recommendations from the NCAA Interassociation Task Force on Sleep and Wellness. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:731-736.
  • 29. Mon-López D, García-Aliaga A, Bartolomé AG, et al. How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players? Physiol Behavior. 2020;227:113148.
  • 30. Kowal M, Coll‐Martín T, Ikizer G, et al. Who is the most stressed during the covid‐19 pandemic? Data from 26 countries and areas. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12:946-966.
  • 31. Yılmaz SK, Eskici G. Evaluation of emotional (depression) and behavioural (nutritional, physical activity and sleep) status of Turkish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24:942-949.
  • 32. Ahmed MZ, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, et al. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102092.
  • 33. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatr Res. 2020;288:112954.
  • 34. Hull JH, Loosemore M, Schwellnus M. Respiratory health in athletes: facing the COVID-19 challenge. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:557-558.
  • 35. Davis PA, Gustafsson H, Callow N, et al. Written emotional disclosure can promote athletes’ mental health and performance readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:599925
  • 36. Reardon CL, Bindra A, Blauwet C, et al. Mental health management of elite athletes during COVID-19: a narrative review and recommendations. Br J Sports Med. 2020;55:608-615.
  • 37. Toresdahl BG, Asif IM. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): considerations for the competitive athlete. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA; 2020
  • 38. Anshel M, Anderson D. Coping with acute stress in sport: Linking athletes' coping style, coping strategies, affect, and motor performance. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2002;15:193-209.
  • 39. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Fuentes-García JP, de la Vega Marcos R, et al. Modulators of the personal and professional threat perception of Olympic athletes in the actual COVID-19 crisis. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1985.
  • 40. Şenışık S, Denerel N, Köyağasıoğlu O, et al. The effect of isolation on athletes’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Phys Sportsmed. 2020;49:187-193.
  • 41. Håkansson A, Jönsson C, Kenttä G. Psychological distress and problem gambling in elite athletes during COVID-19 restrictions-A web survey in top leagues of three sports during the pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6693.
  • 42. di Fronso S, Costa S, Montesano C, et al. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress and psychobiosocial states in Italian athletes. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2022;20:79- 91.
  • 43. McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, et al. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1027-1035.
  • 44. Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull. 2017;143:783-822.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bahar Kulunkoglu 0000-0002-2148-0379

Büşra Kalkan Balak 0000-0002-4428-5752

Sevilay Seda Baş 0000-0003-1660-7723

Publication Date April 29, 2022
Submission Date October 28, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Kulunkoglu B, Kalkan Balak B, Baş SS. Salgın döneminde bedensel engelli sporcuların fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, uyku kalitesi ve emosyonel durumlarının incelenmesi. JETR. 2022;9(1):38-47.