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Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 58 - 64, 29.05.2023

Kazım Kıratlı , Didem Kıratlı , Mustafa Şengül

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1227192

Abstract

Introduction: Depending on pregnancy; physiological changes in the immune system, respiratory and circulatory systems may cause a more severe course of infection with respiratory viruses. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical and laboratory findings of our pregnant patients with and without COVID-19 and to determine whether COVID-19 disease has a negative effect on late pregnancy.
Methods: This study was conducted with a total of 60 pregnant patients followed in the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic and Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of a Training and Research Hospital. Demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of pregnant women and their fetuses were obtained from the hospital management information system.
Results: The mean age of the COVID-19 positive pregnant women (n:30) included in the study was 28.87±1.38 years, the mean hospitalization time was 6.33±0.35 days, and it was significantly different from the COVID-19 negative group (n:30) (p<0.001). The most common symptom observed in COVID-19 positive pregnant women at presentation was fever (73.3%), followed by cough (53.3%) and headache (43.3%). C-reactive protein (25.53±5.79, p: 0.005), ferritin (83.97±10.51, p: 0.005) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (30.97± 4.59, p: 0.011) were found to be higher in COVID-19 positive pregnant women.
Conclusion: In conclusion; CRP, ferritin and ESR levels were found to be higher in pregnant women with COVID-19. It is important for healthcare providers to know the clinical course of COVID-19, maternofetal or obstetric outcomes in the pregnant population. Mode and timing of delivery should be individualized according to disease severity, pre-existing maternal comorbidities, obstetric history, gestational age, and fetal conditions.
Keywords: COVID-19, C-reactive protein, cough, pregnancy

Keywords

COVID-19 C-reactive protein cough pregnancy

References

  • 1. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):415-26. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2020.02.017
  • 2. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
  • 3. Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, Deng H, Li X, Huang Q, et al. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104371
  • 4. Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1638–43. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060152
  • 5. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Spong CY (Eds.), 2018. Maternal physiology. Williams Obstetrics, 25e. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1918&sectionid=144754618. (Access Date: May 12, 2023)
  • 6. Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, Tong VT, et al. CDC COVID-19 response pregnancy and infant linked outcomes team. Update: Characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
  • 7. DeBolt CA, Bianco A, Limaye MA, Silverstein J, Penfield CA, Roman AS, et al. Pregnant women with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 have increased composite morbidity compared with nonpregnant matched controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(5):510.e1-510.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.022
  • 8. Selim M, Mohamed S, Abdo M, Abdelhaffez A. Is COVID-19 similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women? Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8888. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8888
  • 9. Dashraath P, Wong JLJ, Lim MXK, Lim LM, Li S, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.021
  • 10. Gujski M, Humeniuk E, Bojar I. Current state of knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease in pregnant women. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924725. https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.924725
  • 11. Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30365-2
  • 12. Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):425-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x
  • 13. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • 14. Thompson JL, Nguyen LM, Noble KN, Aronoff DM. COVID-19-related disease severity in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020; 84(5):e13339. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13339
  • 15. Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Xi H, Liu C, Qu F, et al. Analysis of the susceptibility to COVID-19 in pregnancy and recommendations on potential drug screening. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(7):1209-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03897-6
  • 16. Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320
  • 17. Lokken EM, Walker CL, Delaney S, Kachikis A, Kretzer NM, Erickson A, et al. Clinical characteristics of 46 pregnant women with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Washington State. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(6):911.e1-911.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.031
  • 18. Hessami K, Homayoon N, Hashemi A, Vafaei H, Kasraeian M, Asadi N. COVID-19 and maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(15):2936-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1806817
  • 19. Chandra S, Tripathi AK, Mishra S, Amzarul M, Vaish AK. Physiological changes in hematological parameters during pregnancy. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2012;28(3):144-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12288-012-0175-6
  • 20. Szpakowski M, Nowak M, Oszukowski P, Wieczorek A, Skotnicka A. Białko C-reaktywne w ciazy niepowikłanej [C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy]. Ginekol Pol. 1996;67(1):17-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8655014/
  • 21. Ellington S, Strid P, Tong VT, Woodworth K, Galang RR, Zambrano LD, et al. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(25):769-75.
  • 22. Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150(1):47-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13182
  • 23. Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, Ghorbani S, Bose D, Alimohammadi S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2208
  • 24. Dubey P, Reddy SY, Manuel S, Dwivedi AK. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes among COVID-19 infected women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:490-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.034
  • 25. Bilaloglu S, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Jones S, Iturrate E, Hochman J, Berger JS. Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York City health system. JAMA. 2020;324(8):799-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.034
  • 26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 196: Thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):e1-e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002706
  • 27. Coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection and pregnancy Version 12. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists.14Oct2020. https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/4383/2020-10-14-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy-v12.pdf (Access Date: May 12, 2023)
  • 28. Rebutini PZ, Zanchettin AC, Stonoga ETS, Prá DMM, de Oliveira ALP, Dezidério FDS, et al. Association between COVID-19 pregnant women symptoms severity and placental morphologic features. Front Immunol. 2021;12:685919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.685919
  • 29. Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu L, Yang C, Wang J, et al. The metabolic and immunological characteristics of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(3):565-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.011
  • 30. Capobianco G, Saderi L, Aliberti S, Mondoni M, Piana A, Dessole F, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:543-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006
  • 31. Salem D, Katranji F, Bakdash T. COVID-19 infection in pregnant women: Review of maternal and fetal outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152(3):291-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13533
  • 32. Engjom H, Aabakke AJM, Klungsøyr K, Svanvik T, Äyräs O, Jonasdottir E, et al. COVID-19 in pregnancy-characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital because of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Nordic countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(9):1611-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14160
  • 33. Salma U. Relationship of COVID-19 with pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;60(3):405-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2021.07.045
  • 34. Oncel MY, Akin IM, Kanburoglu MK, Tayman C, Coskun S, Narter F, et al. A multicenter study on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 125 newborns born to women infected with COVID-19 by Turkish Neonatal Society. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(3):733-42. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00431-021-03993-5
  • 35. Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144(7):799-805. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-sa
  • 36. Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107

Sağlıklı ve COVID-19 pozitif gebeler arasındaki klinik ve laboratuvar farklılıklar ve COVID-19’un gebelik üzerine olumsuz etkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 58 - 64, 29.05.2023

Kazım Kıratlı , Didem Kıratlı , Mustafa Şengül

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1227192

Abstract

Giriş: Hamileliğe bağlı olarak; bağışıklık sistemi, solunum ve dolaşım sistemlerindeki fizyolojik değişiklikler solunum yolu virüsleri ile daha ciddi bir enfeksiyon seyrine neden olabilir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, COVID-19 olan ve olmayan gebe hastalarımızın klinik ve laboratuvar bulgularını incelemek ve COVID-19 hastalığının geç gebelik üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma, bir Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Kliniği ile Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniğinde takip edilen toplam 60 gebe hasta ile yapılmıştır. Gebelerin ve fetüslerin demografik özellikleri ve laboratuvar bulguları hastane yönetim bilgi sisteminden elde edildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan COVID-19 pozitif gebelerin (n:30) ortalama yaşı 28,87±1,38 yıl, ortalama hastanede kalış süresi 6,33±0,35 gün olup, COVID-19 negatif gruptan (n:30) anlamlı olarak farklıydı (p<0,001). COVID-19 pozitif gebelerde başvuru anında en sık görülen semptom ateş oldu (%73,3), bunu öksürük (%53,3) ve baş ağrısı (%43,3) izledi. COVID-19 pozitif gebelerde C-reaktif protein (25,53±5,79, p:0,005), ferritin (83,97±10,51, p:0,005) ve eritrosit sedimantasyon hızı (30,97±4,59, p:0,011) daha yüksek bulundu.
Sonuç: CRP, ferritin ve ESR düzeyleri COVID-19'lu gebelerde daha yüksek bulundu. Sağlık hizmeti sunucularının hamile popülasyonda COVID-19'un klinik seyrini, anne karnındaki veya doğumla ilgili sonuçları bilmesi önemlidir. Doğum şekli ve zamanlaması, hastalığın ciddiyetine, önceden var olan maternal komorbiditelere, obstetrik öyküye, gebelik yaşına ve fetal koşullara göre kişiselleştirilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, C-reaktif protein, öksürük, gebelik

Keywords

COVID-19 C-reaktif protein öksürük gebelik

References

  • 1. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):415-26. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2020.02.017
  • 2. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
  • 3. Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, Deng H, Li X, Huang Q, et al. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104371
  • 4. Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1638–43. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1211.060152
  • 5. Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, Spong CY (Eds.), 2018. Maternal physiology. Williams Obstetrics, 25e. McGraw-Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1918&sectionid=144754618. (Access Date: May 12, 2023)
  • 6. Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, Galang RR, Oduyebo T, Tong VT, et al. CDC COVID-19 response pregnancy and infant linked outcomes team. Update: Characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
  • 7. DeBolt CA, Bianco A, Limaye MA, Silverstein J, Penfield CA, Roman AS, et al. Pregnant women with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 have increased composite morbidity compared with nonpregnant matched controls. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(5):510.e1-510.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.022
  • 8. Selim M, Mohamed S, Abdo M, Abdelhaffez A. Is COVID-19 similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women? Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8888. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8888
  • 9. Dashraath P, Wong JLJ, Lim MXK, Lim LM, Li S, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.021
  • 10. Gujski M, Humeniuk E, Bojar I. Current state of knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease in pregnant women. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924725. https://doi.org/10.12659%2FMSM.924725
  • 11. Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30365-2
  • 12. Mor G, Cardenas I. The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):425-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x
  • 13. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • 14. Thompson JL, Nguyen LM, Noble KN, Aronoff DM. COVID-19-related disease severity in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020; 84(5):e13339. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.13339
  • 15. Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Xi H, Liu C, Qu F, et al. Analysis of the susceptibility to COVID-19 in pregnancy and recommendations on potential drug screening. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(7):1209-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03897-6
  • 16. Allotey J, Stallings E, Bonet M, Yap M, Chatterjee S, Kew T, et al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m3320. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3320
  • 17. Lokken EM, Walker CL, Delaney S, Kachikis A, Kretzer NM, Erickson A, et al. Clinical characteristics of 46 pregnant women with a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Washington State. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(6):911.e1-911.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.031
  • 18. Hessami K, Homayoon N, Hashemi A, Vafaei H, Kasraeian M, Asadi N. COVID-19 and maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality: a systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(15):2936-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1806817
  • 19. Chandra S, Tripathi AK, Mishra S, Amzarul M, Vaish AK. Physiological changes in hematological parameters during pregnancy. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2012;28(3):144-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12288-012-0175-6
  • 20. Szpakowski M, Nowak M, Oszukowski P, Wieczorek A, Skotnicka A. Białko C-reaktywne w ciazy niepowikłanej [C-reactive protein in normal pregnancy]. Ginekol Pol. 1996;67(1):17-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8655014/
  • 21. Ellington S, Strid P, Tong VT, Woodworth K, Galang RR, Zambrano LD, et al. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(25):769-75.
  • 22. Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, Elshebiny M, Farrag N, Mahdy S, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150(1):47-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13182
  • 23. Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, Ghorbani S, Bose D, Alimohammadi S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(5):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2208
  • 24. Dubey P, Reddy SY, Manuel S, Dwivedi AK. Maternal and neonatal characteristics and outcomes among COVID-19 infected women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:490-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.034
  • 25. Bilaloglu S, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Jones S, Iturrate E, Hochman J, Berger JS. Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a New York City health system. JAMA. 2020;324(8):799-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.034
  • 26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 196: Thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):e1-e17. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000002706
  • 27. Coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection and pregnancy Version 12. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists.14Oct2020. https://www.rcm.org.uk/media/4383/2020-10-14-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy-v12.pdf (Access Date: May 12, 2023)
  • 28. Rebutini PZ, Zanchettin AC, Stonoga ETS, Prá DMM, de Oliveira ALP, Dezidério FDS, et al. Association between COVID-19 pregnant women symptoms severity and placental morphologic features. Front Immunol. 2021;12:685919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.685919
  • 29. Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhao J, Gu L, Yang C, Wang J, et al. The metabolic and immunological characteristics of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(3):565-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.011
  • 30. Capobianco G, Saderi L, Aliberti S, Mondoni M, Piana A, Dessole F, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:543-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006
  • 31. Salem D, Katranji F, Bakdash T. COVID-19 infection in pregnant women: Review of maternal and fetal outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;152(3):291-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13533
  • 32. Engjom H, Aabakke AJM, Klungsøyr K, Svanvik T, Äyräs O, Jonasdottir E, et al. COVID-19 in pregnancy-characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital because of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Nordic countries. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021;100(9):1611-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14160
  • 33. Salma U. Relationship of COVID-19 with pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;60(3):405-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2021.07.045
  • 34. Oncel MY, Akin IM, Kanburoglu MK, Tayman C, Coskun S, Narter F, et al. A multicenter study on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 125 newborns born to women infected with COVID-19 by Turkish Neonatal Society. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(3):733-42. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00431-021-03993-5
  • 35. Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144(7):799-805. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-sa
  • 36. Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100107
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Kazım Kıratlı 0000-0001-8317-955X

Didem Kıratlı 0000-0002-1508-2884

Mustafa Şengül 0000-0002-9129-4336

Publication Date May 29, 2023
Submission Date December 30, 2022
Acceptance Date April 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kıratlı, K., Kıratlı, D., & Şengül, M. (2023). Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Family Practice and Palliative Care, 8(3), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1227192
AMA Kıratlı K, Kıratlı D, Şengül M. Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Fam Pract Palliat Care. May 2023;8(3):58-64. doi:10.22391/fppc.1227192
Chicago Kıratlı, Kazım, Didem Kıratlı, and Mustafa Şengül. “Clinical and Laboratory Differences Between Healthy and COVID-19 Positive Pregnant Women and the Negative Effects of COVID-19 on Pregnancy”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 8, no. 3 (May 2023): 58-64. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1227192.
EndNote Kıratlı K, Kıratlı D, Şengül M (May 1, 2023) Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Family Practice and Palliative Care 8 3 58–64.
IEEE K. Kıratlı, D. Kıratlı, and M. Şengül, “Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy”, Fam Pract Palliat Care, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 58–64, 2023, doi: 10.22391/fppc.1227192.
ISNAD Kıratlı, Kazım et al. “Clinical and Laboratory Differences Between Healthy and COVID-19 Positive Pregnant Women and the Negative Effects of COVID-19 on Pregnancy”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 8/3 (May2023), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1227192.
JAMA Kıratlı K, Kıratlı D, Şengül M. Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2023;8:58–64.
MLA Kıratlı, Kazım et al. “Clinical and Laboratory Differences Between Healthy and COVID-19 Positive Pregnant Women and the Negative Effects of COVID-19 on Pregnancy”. Family Practice and Palliative Care, vol. 8, no. 3, 2023, pp. 58-64, doi:10.22391/fppc.1227192.
Vancouver Kıratlı K, Kıratlı D, Şengül M. Clinical and laboratory differences between healthy and COVID-19 positive pregnant women and the negative effects of COVID-19 on pregnancy. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2023;8(3):58-64.
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Family Practice and Palliative Care       ISSN 2458-8865       E-ISSN 2459-1505