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The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 32 - 39, 31.07.2024

Yusuf Bilal Çelenk , Burkay Yakar

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1270790

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy-related anxiety leads to some negative maternal and fetal complications. Determining prenatal and natal anxiety and associated factors can help identify high-risk women who need intervention during pregnancy and develop early intervention strategies. The aim of this study is to determine pregnancy-related, and trait anxiety in the prenatal period and its affecting factors.
Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 245 pregnant women in the obstetrics clinic of a tertiary healthcare institution between March and August 2022. The sociodemographic, obstetric, and internet use of the participants were questioned. Pregnancy-related anxiety was assessed by using Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised-2 (PRAQ-R2), and trait anxiety was assessed by using State–Trait Anxiety Inventory-I (STAI-II).
Results: Pregnant women’s mean scale score for STAI (trait) was 45.54 ± 6.32, for PRAQ-R2 total score was 27.80 ± 8.32, for PRAQ- Fear of giving birth score was 10.12 ± 3.92, PRAQ- Worries about bearing a physically or mentally handicapped child score was 10.44 ± 4.11, and PRAQ- Concern about own appearance score was 7.24 ± 2.86. Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale score was higher in nulliparous than multiparous (p=0.002) and 30-35 age groups than others (p=0.014). Having a chronic disease is related to a higher anxiety score (p=0.028). Trait anxiety scores were higher in nulliparous (p=0.005), those with low income, those with chronic diseases (p=0.032), and those with a history of children with congenital diseases (p=0.013). Anxiety scores were higher in pregnant women who used the internet as a source of information about pregnancy (p=0.002), and those who use the internet more (p=0.023). There was a significant positive correlation between STAI (trait) anxiety and PRAQ total score ( r:0.292, p<0.001 ), PRAQ- Fear of giving birth (r:0.145, p=0.024), PRAQ- Worries about bearing a physically or mentally handicapped child (r:0.270, p<0.001), and PRAQ- Concern about own appearance (r:0.254, p=<0.001).
Conclusion: Pregnancy-related anxiety was higher in nulliparous, 30-35 age groups, having a chronic disease, husbands' high education status, and having trait anxiety. Information obtained from the internet and the time spent on the internet are associated with increased pregnancy anxiety. Future studies should focus more on predicting factors affecting pregnancy-related anxiety and estimating risks for pregnant women.

Keywords

Pregnancy Anxiety Fear Internet Use

Ethical Statement

The study protocol was approved by Firat University's non-interventional research ethics committee (date: 24.02.2022 no:2022/03-16). All participants were informed about the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

References

  • 1. Viswasam K, Eslick GD, Starcevic V. Prevalence, onset and course of anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;255:27-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.016
  • 2. Dencker A, Nilsson C, Begley C, Jangsten E, Mollberg M, Patel H, Wigert H, Hessman E, Sjöblom H, Sparud-Lundin C. Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2019;32(2):99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.004
  • 3. Runkle JD, Risley K, Roy M, Sugg MM. Association Between Perinatal Mental Health and Pregnancy and Neonatal Complications: A Retrospective Birth Cohort Study. Womens Health Issues. 2023;33(3):289-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.12.001
  • 4. Ravid E, Salzer L, Arnon L, Eisner M, Wiznitzer A, Weller A, et al. Is there an association between maternal anxiety propensity and pregnancy outcomes? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1925-8
  • 5. Grigoriadis S, Graves L, Peer M, Mamisashvili L, Tomlinson G, Vigod SN, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antenatal anxiety on postpartum outcomes. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(5):543-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0930-2
  • 6. Opene B, Parker PB. Should we stress about stress? Implications of infertility on pregnancy-related anxiety and depression. Fertil Steril. 2023;120(6):1176-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.10.002
  • 7. Qian J, Zhou X, Sun X, Wu M, Sun S, Yu X. Effects of expressive writing intervention for women's PTSD, depression, anxiety and stress related to pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112933
  • 8. Yang L, Sun J, Nan Y, Waqas A, Nisar A, Wang D, et al. Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and its determinants in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;323:193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.075
  • 9. Furtado M, Chow CHT, Owais S, Frey BN, Van Lieshout RJ. Risk factors of new onset anxiety and anxiety exacerbation in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:626-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.073
  • 10. Coglianese F, Beltrame Vriz G, Soriani N, Piras GN, Comoretto RI, Clemente L, et al. Effect of Online Health Information Seeking on Anxiety in Hospitalized Pregnant Women: Cohort Study. JMIR Med Inform. 2020;8(5):e16793. https://doi.org/10.2196/16793
  • 11. Prescott J, Mackie L, Rathbone AL. Predictors of health anxiety during pregnancy. Mhealth. 2018;4:16. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth.2018.04.04
  • 12. Naja S, Al Kubaisi N, Singh R, Bougmiza I. Generalized and pregnancy-related anxiety prevalence and predictors among pregnant women attending primary health care in Qatar, 2018-2019. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05264
  • 13. Aksoy Derya Y, Timur Tashan S, Duman M, Durgun Ozan Y. Turkish adaptation of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2: Validity and reliability study in multiparous and primiparous pregnancy. Midwifery. 2018;62:61-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.03.006
  • 14. Oner N, Le Compte A. Stait and trait anxiety inventory manual. 1st Ed. Istanbul, Boğaziçi University Publication 1983; 1-26.
  • 15. Durgun Ozan Y, Alp Yilmaz F. Is there a relationship between basic birth beliefs and pregnancy-related anxiety in Turkey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020;46(10):2036-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14375
  • 16. Yesilcınar I, Acavut G, Guvenc G. Anxiety during the pregnancy and affecting factors: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023;307(1):301-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06590-5
  • 17. Arch JJ. Pregnancy-specific anxiety: which women are highest and what are the alcohol-related risks? Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(3):217-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010
  • 18. Wyatt S, Ostbye T, De Silva V, Lakmali P, Long Q. Predictors and occurrence of antenatal depressive symptoms in Galle, Sri Lanka: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):758. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04239-w
  • 19. Lehtola SJ, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Lewis JD, Fonov VS, Collins DL, et al. Sex-specific associations between maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety and newborn amygdalar volumes - preliminary findings from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Stress. 2022;25(1):213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2022.2061347
  • 20. Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(5):315-23. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
  • 21. Tarafa H, Alemayehu Y, Nigussie M. Factors associated with pregnancy-related anxiety among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow-up at Bedelle general hospital and Metu Karl comprehensive specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:938277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938277
  • 22. Rubertsson C, Hellström J, Cross M, Sydsjö G. Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing factors. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17(3):221-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
  • 23. Park SC, Kim YK. Anxiety disorders in the DSM-5: changes, controversies, and future directions. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:187-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_12
  • 24. Akinsulore A, Temidayo AM, Oloniniyi IO, Olalekan BO, Yetunde OB. Pregnancy-related anxiety symptoms and associated factors amongst pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in south-west Nigeria. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2021;27:1616. https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajpsychiatry.v27i0.1616
  • 25. Prescott J, Mackie L. "You sort of go down a rabbit hole...You're just going to keep on searching": a qualitative study of searching online for pregnancy-related information during pregnancy. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(6):e194. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6302
  • 26. Huizink AC, Menting B, Oosterman M, Verhage ML, Kunseler FC, Schuengel C. The interrelationship between pregnancy-specific anxiety and general anxiety across pregnancy: a longitudinal study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(3):92-100. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2014.944498
  • 27. Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A. Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(2):237-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01323.x
  • 28. Jokić-Begić N, Zigić L, Nakić Radoš S. Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(1):22-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2013.866647
  • 29. Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(2):141-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503680

Gebe kadınlarda gebelikle ilgili kaygı, sürekli kaygı ve internet kullanımı arasındaki ilişki: kesitsel bir çalışma

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 32 - 39, 31.07.2024

Yusuf Bilal Çelenk , Burkay Yakar

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1270790

Abstract

Giriş: Gebelik ile ilişkili kaygı, bazı olumsuz maternal ve fetal komplikasyonlara yol açar. Doğum öncesi ve gebelik dönemindeki kaygı ve ilişkili faktörlerin belirlenmesi, gebelik sırasında müdahaleye ihtiyaç duyan yüksek riskli kadınların belirlenmesine ve erken müdahale stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gebeliğe bağlı ve doğum öncesi dönemde sürekli kaygıyı ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tipte olan bu çalışma Mart-Ağustos 2022 tarihlerinde 3. basamak bir sağlık kuruluşunun obstetri kliniğinde 245 gebe ile yürütülmüştür. Katılımcıların sosyodemografik, obstetrik ve internet kullanım özellikleri sorgulanmıştır. Gebeliğe bağlı kaygı, Gebelikle İlgili Anksiyete Anketi-Gözden Geçirilmiş-2 (PRAQ-R2) ölçeği, sürekli kaygı ise Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri-I (STAI-II) kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Gebelerin STAI-II (sürekli) ölçek puanı 45,54 ± 6,32, PRAQ-R2 toplam puanı 27,80 ± 8,32, PRAQ- Doğum yapma korkusu puanı 10,12 ± 3,92, PRAQ-Bedensel veya zihinsel engelli çocuk doğurma endişesi puanı 10,44 ± 4,11 ve PRAQ- Kendi görünüşüne ilişkin endişe puanı 7,24 ± 2,86 idi. Gebeliğe İlişkin Kaygı Ölçeği puanı hiç doğum yapmamışlarda (p=0,002), 30-35 yaş aralığında (p=0.014) ve kronik hastalığı olanlarda (p=0,028) daha yüksekti. Hiç doğum yapmamış (p=0,005), gelir düzeyi düşük olanlarda, kronik hastalığı olanlarda (p=0,032) ve doğuştan hastalık öyküsü olanlarda (p=0,013) sürekli kaygı puanları daha yüksekti. Gebelikle ilgili bilgi kaynağı olarak interneti kullanan gebelerde (p=0,002) ve interneti daha fazla kullanan gebelerde (p=0,023) anksiyete puanları daha yüksekti. STAI-II (sürekli) kaygı ile PRAQ toplam puanı (r:0.292, p<0.001), PRAQ- Doğum yapma korkusu (r:0.145, p=0.024), fiziksel ve zihinsel engelli çocuk doğurma korkusu (r:0.270, p<0.001) ve PRAQ- Kendi görünüşüne İlişkin kaygı (r:0.254, p=<0.001) arasında pozitif anlamlı korelasyon vardı.
Sonuç: Gebeliğe bağlı kaygı; doğum yapmamış olanlarda, 30-35 yaş grubunda, kronik hastalığı olanlarda, eşinin eğitim durumu yüksek olanlarda ve sürekli kaygısı olanlarda daha yüksekti. İnternetten edinilen bilgiler ve internette geçirilen süre artan gebelik kaygısı ile ilişkilidir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, hamilelikle ilgili kaygıyı etkileyen faktörleri tahmin etmeye ve hamile kadınlar için riskleri tahmin etmeye daha fazla odaklanmalıdır.

Keywords

Gebelik Kaygı Korku İnternet Kullanımı

Ethical Statement

The study protocol was approved by Firat University's non-interventional research ethics committee (date: 24.02.2022 no:2022/03-16). All participants were informed about the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

References

  • 1. Viswasam K, Eslick GD, Starcevic V. Prevalence, onset and course of anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;255:27-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.016
  • 2. Dencker A, Nilsson C, Begley C, Jangsten E, Mollberg M, Patel H, Wigert H, Hessman E, Sjöblom H, Sparud-Lundin C. Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. Women Birth. 2019;32(2):99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.004
  • 3. Runkle JD, Risley K, Roy M, Sugg MM. Association Between Perinatal Mental Health and Pregnancy and Neonatal Complications: A Retrospective Birth Cohort Study. Womens Health Issues. 2023;33(3):289-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.12.001
  • 4. Ravid E, Salzer L, Arnon L, Eisner M, Wiznitzer A, Weller A, et al. Is there an association between maternal anxiety propensity and pregnancy outcomes? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1925-8
  • 5. Grigoriadis S, Graves L, Peer M, Mamisashvili L, Tomlinson G, Vigod SN, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antenatal anxiety on postpartum outcomes. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(5):543-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0930-2
  • 6. Opene B, Parker PB. Should we stress about stress? Implications of infertility on pregnancy-related anxiety and depression. Fertil Steril. 2023;120(6):1176-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.10.002
  • 7. Qian J, Zhou X, Sun X, Wu M, Sun S, Yu X. Effects of expressive writing intervention for women's PTSD, depression, anxiety and stress related to pregnancy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112933
  • 8. Yang L, Sun J, Nan Y, Waqas A, Nisar A, Wang D, et al. Prevalence of perinatal anxiety and its determinants in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;323:193-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.075
  • 9. Furtado M, Chow CHT, Owais S, Frey BN, Van Lieshout RJ. Risk factors of new onset anxiety and anxiety exacerbation in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;238:626-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.073
  • 10. Coglianese F, Beltrame Vriz G, Soriani N, Piras GN, Comoretto RI, Clemente L, et al. Effect of Online Health Information Seeking on Anxiety in Hospitalized Pregnant Women: Cohort Study. JMIR Med Inform. 2020;8(5):e16793. https://doi.org/10.2196/16793
  • 11. Prescott J, Mackie L, Rathbone AL. Predictors of health anxiety during pregnancy. Mhealth. 2018;4:16. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth.2018.04.04
  • 12. Naja S, Al Kubaisi N, Singh R, Bougmiza I. Generalized and pregnancy-related anxiety prevalence and predictors among pregnant women attending primary health care in Qatar, 2018-2019. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05264
  • 13. Aksoy Derya Y, Timur Tashan S, Duman M, Durgun Ozan Y. Turkish adaptation of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2: Validity and reliability study in multiparous and primiparous pregnancy. Midwifery. 2018;62:61-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.03.006
  • 14. Oner N, Le Compte A. Stait and trait anxiety inventory manual. 1st Ed. Istanbul, Boğaziçi University Publication 1983; 1-26.
  • 15. Durgun Ozan Y, Alp Yilmaz F. Is there a relationship between basic birth beliefs and pregnancy-related anxiety in Turkey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2020;46(10):2036-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.14375
  • 16. Yesilcınar I, Acavut G, Guvenc G. Anxiety during the pregnancy and affecting factors: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2023;307(1):301-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06590-5
  • 17. Arch JJ. Pregnancy-specific anxiety: which women are highest and what are the alcohol-related risks? Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(3):217-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.010
  • 18. Wyatt S, Ostbye T, De Silva V, Lakmali P, Long Q. Predictors and occurrence of antenatal depressive symptoms in Galle, Sri Lanka: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):758. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04239-w
  • 19. Lehtola SJ, Tuulari JJ, Karlsson L, Lewis JD, Fonov VS, Collins DL, et al. Sex-specific associations between maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety and newborn amygdalar volumes - preliminary findings from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Stress. 2022;25(1):213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2022.2061347
  • 20. Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(5):315-23. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.187179
  • 21. Tarafa H, Alemayehu Y, Nigussie M. Factors associated with pregnancy-related anxiety among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow-up at Bedelle general hospital and Metu Karl comprehensive specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:938277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938277
  • 22. Rubertsson C, Hellström J, Cross M, Sydsjö G. Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing factors. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17(3):221-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
  • 23. Park SC, Kim YK. Anxiety disorders in the DSM-5: changes, controversies, and future directions. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1191:187-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_12
  • 24. Akinsulore A, Temidayo AM, Oloniniyi IO, Olalekan BO, Yetunde OB. Pregnancy-related anxiety symptoms and associated factors amongst pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in south-west Nigeria. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2021;27:1616. https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajpsychiatry.v27i0.1616
  • 25. Prescott J, Mackie L. "You sort of go down a rabbit hole...You're just going to keep on searching": a qualitative study of searching online for pregnancy-related information during pregnancy. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(6):e194. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6302
  • 26. Huizink AC, Menting B, Oosterman M, Verhage ML, Kunseler FC, Schuengel C. The interrelationship between pregnancy-specific anxiety and general anxiety across pregnancy: a longitudinal study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(3):92-100. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2014.944498
  • 27. Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A. Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(2):237-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01323.x
  • 28. Jokić-Begić N, Zigić L, Nakić Radoš S. Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;35(1):22-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482x.2013.866647
  • 29. Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(2):141-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503680
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Family Medicine
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Yusuf Bilal Çelenk 0009-0006-3762-3916

Burkay Yakar 0000-0003-2745-6561

Publication Date July 31, 2024
Submission Date April 2, 2023
Acceptance Date March 13, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çelenk, Y. B., & Yakar, B. (2024). The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Family Practice and Palliative Care, 9(2), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1270790
AMA Çelenk YB, Yakar B. The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract Palliat Care. July 2024;9(2):32-39. doi:10.22391/fppc.1270790
Chicago Çelenk, Yusuf Bilal, and Burkay Yakar. “The Relationship Between Pregnancy-Related Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, and Internet Use in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 9, no. 2 (July 2024): 32-39. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1270790.
EndNote Çelenk YB, Yakar B (July 1, 2024) The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Family Practice and Palliative Care 9 2 32–39.
IEEE Y. B. Çelenk and B. Yakar, “The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study”, Fam Pract Palliat Care, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 32–39, 2024, doi: 10.22391/fppc.1270790.
ISNAD Çelenk, Yusuf Bilal - Yakar, Burkay. “The Relationship Between Pregnancy-Related Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, and Internet Use in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 9/2 (July 2024), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.1270790.
JAMA Çelenk YB, Yakar B. The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2024;9:32–39.
MLA Çelenk, Yusuf Bilal and Burkay Yakar. “The Relationship Between Pregnancy-Related Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, and Internet Use in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Family Practice and Palliative Care, vol. 9, no. 2, 2024, pp. 32-39, doi:10.22391/fppc.1270790.
Vancouver Çelenk YB, Yakar B. The relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety, trait anxiety, and internet use in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2024;9(2):32-9.
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Family Practice and Palliative Care       ISSN 2458-8865       E-ISSN 2459-1505