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Araştırma Makalesi
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Sigara bırakma sonrası sistemik inflamatuar ve nazal mukosilier yanıttaki değişiklikler

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 139 - 144, 04.10.2018

İbrahim Solak , Kamile Marakoglu , Selma Pekgor , Nisa Cetin Kargin , Yavuz Turgut Gederet Necat Alatas , Mehmet Ali Eryilmaz

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.474484

Öz

Giriş: Bu
çalışmada, sigara bırakma sonrası, hem sistemik inflamasyonda hem de nasal
mukosilier klirensde meydana gelen değişiklikleri ve bunların sigara içme
özellikleri ile ilişkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Sağlık
Bilimleri Üniversitesi Konya Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi Sigara Bırakma
Polikliniğine başvuran 30 vaka çalışmaya dahil edilip 27 vaka ile çalışma
tamamlanmıştır. Tümör nekrozis faktör-alfa (TNF-α), interlökin (IL) -4, IL-6,
IL-8, IL-10 ve sakarin geçiş süresi (STT), kayıt ve sigara bırakılmasından 2 ay
sonra ölçüldü.

Bulgular: Bu çalışmada,
STT’nin sigara bırakıldıktan 2 ay sonra anlamlı olarak kısaldığı görüldü (p
<0,001). Serum TNF-α (p = 0,035) ve IL-8 (p = 0,002) düzeylerinin, bazal
seviyelerle karşılaştırıldığında, sigara bıraktıktan sonraki 2. ayda anlamlı
olarak azaldığını bulduk. Bazal seviyelerle karşılaştırıldığında, sigara
bıraktıktan sonraki 2. ayda serum IL-6 (p = 0,132) ve IL-10 (p = 0,657)
seviyelerinin değişiminin anlamlı olmadığı gözlendi.

Sonuç: Sigara
bırakma işleminden iki ay sonra, nazal mukosiliyer klirens ve sistemik
inflamatuar yanıtta, özellikle plazma TNF- α ve IL-8 düzeylerinde iyileşme
görülmüştür. Daha büyük katılımlı ve daha uzun süreli sigara bırakma sonrası
yapılan çalışmalarla, sistemik inflamasyondaki düzelmelerin daha ayrıntılı
gösterilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sistemik inflamasyon sitokin sakarin geçiş süresi sigara bırakma

Kaynakça

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  • 3. Reichert J, Araújo AJd, Gonçalves CMC, et al. Smoking cessation guidelines-2008. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34(10):845-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132008001000014
  • 4. Lao XQ, Jiang CQ, Zhang WS, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation and inflammatory markers in older Chinese men: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203(1):304-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.028
  • 5. Deitmer T. Physiology and pathology of the mucociliary system. Special regards to mucociliary transport in malignant lesions of the human larynx. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1989:43:105-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000417244
  • 6. Salah B, Xuan AD, Fouilladieu J, et al. Nasal mucociliary transport in healthy subjects is slower when breathing dry air. Eur Respir J. 1988;1(9):852-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3229484
  • 7. Özlü T, Çay M, Akbulut A, et al. The facilitating effect of cigarette smoke on the colonization of instilled bacteria into the tracheal lumen in rats and the improving influence of supplementary vitamin E on this process. Respirology. 1999;4(3):245-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.1999.00182.x
  • 8. Agius AM, Wake M, Pahor AL, et al. Smoking and middle ear ciliary beat frequency in otitis media with effusion. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1995;115(1):44-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489509133345
  • 9. Cohen NA, Zhang S, Sharp DB, et al. Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency. The Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2269-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20223
  • 10. Ferrero‐Miliani L, Nielsen O, Andersen P, et al. Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin‐1β generation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;147(2):227-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03261.x
  • 11. Aldaham S, Foote JA, Chow H-HS, et al. Smoking status effect on inflammatory markers in a randomized trial of current and former heavy smokers. Int J Inflam. 2015;2015:439396. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439396
  • 12. Park JE, Barbul A. Understanding the role of immune regulation in wound healing. Am J of Surg. 2004;187(5): 11-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00296-4
  • 13. Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Bone RC. Role of tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] in disease states and inflammation. Crit Care Med.1993;21(10):447. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8403983
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  • 17. Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, et al. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/149185
  • 18. Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-6 signaling in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22(2):83-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.02.003
  • 19. Stites DP TA, Parslow TG. Medical Immunology. 1997. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45738641
  • 20. Mayer, G. (2010) Cytokines and ımmunoregulation, Immunology - Chapter 12: 7th edition, The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. Online book. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bowers/imm-reg-ver2.htm.
  • 21. Rodrigues FM, Ramos D, Xavier RF, et al. Nasal and systemic inflammatory profile after short term smoking cessation. Respir Med. 2014;108(7):999-1006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.020
  • 22. Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R. Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Dent Res. 2012;91(2):142-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034511421200
  • 23. Diez-Pina JM, Fernandez-Aceñero MJ, Llorente-Alonso MJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha as a marker of systemic and local inflammation in “healthy” smokers. Int J Gen Med. 2009; 2: 9–14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360881. 2009;2:9
  • 24. Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):258-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.003
  • 25. Yu H-J, Lim S, Kim M-K, et al. Urine cotinine level with smoking history predicts a risk of coronary artery calcification. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;59:146-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.015
  • 26. Al-Sheyab N, Kheirallah KA, Mangnall LJT, et al. Agreement between exhaled breath carbon monoxide threshold levels and self-reported cigarette smoking in a sample of male adolescents in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(1):841-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100841
  • 27. Prochaska JO, Goldstein MG. Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians. Clin Chest Med. 1991;12(4):727-35. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1747990
  • 28. Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1990;69(11):763-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 2276350
  • 29. Shiels MS, Katki HA, Freedman ND, et al. Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(11). doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju294
  • 30. Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. Respiration. 2013;86(6):479-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000348398
  • 31. Yadav J, Kaushik G, K Ranga R. Passive smoking affects nasal mucociliary clearance. J Indian Acad Clin Med. 2014;15 (2):96-9.
  • 32. Ramos EM, De Toledo AC, Xavier RF, et al. Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme. Respirology. 2011;16(5):849-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01985.x
  • 33. Utiyama DMO, Yoshida CT, Goto DM, et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties and inflammation. Clinics. 2016;71(6):344-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(06)10
  • 34. Quint JK, Wedzicha JA. The neutrophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(5):1065-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.640
  • 35. Gamble E, Grootendorst DC, Hattotuwa K, et al. Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(3):467-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00013006
  • 36. Baraldo S, Turato G, Badin C, et al. Neutrophilic infiltration within the airway smooth muscle in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2004;59(4):308-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2003.012146
  • 37. Battaglia S, Mauad T, van Schadewijk AM, et al. Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(8):907-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.037002
  • 38. Tanni SE, Pelegrino NR, Angeleli AY, et al. Smoking status and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated systemic inflammation in COPD patients. J Inflamm (Lond). 2010;7(1):29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-7-29
  • 39. Mian MF, Lauzon NM, Stämpfli MR, et al. Impairment of human NK cell cytotoxic activity and cytokine release by cigarette smoke. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83(3):774-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0707481
  • 40. Churg A, Dai J, Tai H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α is central to acute cigarette smoke–induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):849-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200202-097OC
  • 41. Chung KF. Inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005;4(6):619-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/156801005774912806
  • 42. Díez PJ, Fernández AM, Llorente AM, et al. Tumor necrosis factor as an early marker of inflammation in healthy smokers. Med Clin (Barc). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2011.11.032 2012;139(2):47-53.
  • 43. Braber S, Henricks PA, Nijkamp FP, et al. Inflammatory changes in the airways of mice caused by cigarette smoke exposure are only partially reversed after smoking cessation. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-99
  • 44. Merghani TH, Saeed A, Alawad A. Changes in plasma IL4, TNFa and CRP in response to regular passive smoking at home among healthy school children in Khartoum, Sudan. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(1):41-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066418
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Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 139 - 144, 04.10.2018

İbrahim Solak , Kamile Marakoglu , Selma Pekgor , Nisa Cetin Kargin , Yavuz Turgut Gederet Necat Alatas , Mehmet Ali Eryilmaz

https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.474484

Öz

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the changes
both in the systemic inflammation and in the mucociliary clearance following
smoking cessation, and their associations with smoking characteristics.

Methods: A total of 30 cases admitted to Konya Training and
Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Department of Smoking
Cessation were recruited, and 27 of them completed the study. Tumor necrosis
factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and saccharin
transit time (STT) was measuredat the beginning and 2 months after smoking
cessation.

Results: We found in this study that STT decreased significantly
in 2 months after cessation (p<0.001). In our study, we found that serum
TNF-α (p=0.035) and IL-8 (p=0.002) levels were decreased significantly at 2
months after quitting when compared with the basal levels. In our study, serum
IL-6 (p=0.132) and IL-10 (p=0.657) levels did not change significantly in the
2nd month of quitting, when compared to basal levels.

Conclusion: In this study, two months after smoking cessation,
nasal mucosal clearance and systemic inflammatory response especially plasma
TNF- α and IL-8 levels were improved. We think that further studies with larger
sample size and longer follow-up will provide more detailed data about the
improvements in systemic inflammation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Systemic inflammation cytokines saccharin transit time smoking cessation

Kaynakça

  • 1. The Word Bank. Tobacco Control Progam. Access. April 14, 2018. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/tobacco
  • 2. Patel I, Seemungal T, Wilks M, et al. Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2002;57(9):759-64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.9.759
  • 3. Reichert J, Araújo AJd, Gonçalves CMC, et al. Smoking cessation guidelines-2008. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34(10):845-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132008001000014
  • 4. Lao XQ, Jiang CQ, Zhang WS, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation and inflammatory markers in older Chinese men: The Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203(1):304-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.028
  • 5. Deitmer T. Physiology and pathology of the mucociliary system. Special regards to mucociliary transport in malignant lesions of the human larynx. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 1989:43:105-36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000417244
  • 6. Salah B, Xuan AD, Fouilladieu J, et al. Nasal mucociliary transport in healthy subjects is slower when breathing dry air. Eur Respir J. 1988;1(9):852-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3229484
  • 7. Özlü T, Çay M, Akbulut A, et al. The facilitating effect of cigarette smoke on the colonization of instilled bacteria into the tracheal lumen in rats and the improving influence of supplementary vitamin E on this process. Respirology. 1999;4(3):245-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.1999.00182.x
  • 8. Agius AM, Wake M, Pahor AL, et al. Smoking and middle ear ciliary beat frequency in otitis media with effusion. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1995;115(1):44-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489509133345
  • 9. Cohen NA, Zhang S, Sharp DB, et al. Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency. The Laryngoscope. 2009;119(11):2269-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20223
  • 10. Ferrero‐Miliani L, Nielsen O, Andersen P, et al. Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin‐1β generation. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;147(2):227-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03261.x
  • 11. Aldaham S, Foote JA, Chow H-HS, et al. Smoking status effect on inflammatory markers in a randomized trial of current and former heavy smokers. Int J Inflam. 2015;2015:439396. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439396
  • 12. Park JE, Barbul A. Understanding the role of immune regulation in wound healing. Am J of Surg. 2004;187(5): 11-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00296-4
  • 13. Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Bone RC. Role of tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] in disease states and inflammation. Crit Care Med.1993;21(10):447. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8403983
  • 14. Beutler B, Cerami A. The biology of cachectin/TNF--a primary mediator of the host response. Ann Rev Immunol. 1989;7(1):625-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.003205
  • 15. Newman I, Wilkinson P. Chemotactic activity of lymphotoxin and tumour necrosis factor alpha for human neutrophils. Immunology. 1989;66(2):318. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2925230
  • 16. Byron K, Varigos G, Wootton A. Il‐4 production is increased in cigarette smokers. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;95(2):333-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06533.x
  • 17. Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, et al. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/149185
  • 18. Neurath MF, Finotto S. IL-6 signaling in autoimmunity, chronic inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2011;22(2):83-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.02.003
  • 19. Stites DP TA, Parslow TG. Medical Immunology. 1997. https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45738641
  • 20. Mayer, G. (2010) Cytokines and ımmunoregulation, Immunology - Chapter 12: 7th edition, The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. Online book. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/bowers/imm-reg-ver2.htm.
  • 21. Rodrigues FM, Ramos D, Xavier RF, et al. Nasal and systemic inflammatory profile after short term smoking cessation. Respir Med. 2014;108(7):999-1006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.020
  • 22. Lee J, Taneja V, Vassallo R. Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Dent Res. 2012;91(2):142-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034511421200
  • 23. Diez-Pina JM, Fernandez-Aceñero MJ, Llorente-Alonso MJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha as a marker of systemic and local inflammation in “healthy” smokers. Int J Gen Med. 2009; 2: 9–14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360881. 2009;2:9
  • 24. Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):258-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.003
  • 25. Yu H-J, Lim S, Kim M-K, et al. Urine cotinine level with smoking history predicts a risk of coronary artery calcification. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;59:146-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.015
  • 26. Al-Sheyab N, Kheirallah KA, Mangnall LJT, et al. Agreement between exhaled breath carbon monoxide threshold levels and self-reported cigarette smoking in a sample of male adolescents in Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(1):841-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100841
  • 27. Prochaska JO, Goldstein MG. Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians. Clin Chest Med. 1991;12(4):727-35. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1747990
  • 28. Fagerstrom KO, Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT. Nicotine addiction and its assessment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1990;69(11):763-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 2276350
  • 29. Shiels MS, Katki HA, Freedman ND, et al. Cigarette smoking and variations in systemic immune and inflammation markers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(11). doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju294
  • 30. Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. Respiration. 2013;86(6):479-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000348398
  • 31. Yadav J, Kaushik G, K Ranga R. Passive smoking affects nasal mucociliary clearance. J Indian Acad Clin Med. 2014;15 (2):96-9.
  • 32. Ramos EM, De Toledo AC, Xavier RF, et al. Reversibility of impaired nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers following a smoking cessation programme. Respirology. 2011;16(5):849-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01985.x
  • 33. Utiyama DMO, Yoshida CT, Goto DM, et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on nasal mucociliary clearance, mucus properties and inflammation. Clinics. 2016;71(6):344-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(06)10
  • 34. Quint JK, Wedzicha JA. The neutrophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(5):1065-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.640
  • 35. Gamble E, Grootendorst DC, Hattotuwa K, et al. Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(3):467-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00013006
  • 36. Baraldo S, Turato G, Badin C, et al. Neutrophilic infiltration within the airway smooth muscle in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2004;59(4):308-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2003.012146
  • 37. Battaglia S, Mauad T, van Schadewijk AM, et al. Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(8):907-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2006.037002
  • 38. Tanni SE, Pelegrino NR, Angeleli AY, et al. Smoking status and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated systemic inflammation in COPD patients. J Inflamm (Lond). 2010;7(1):29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-9255-7-29
  • 39. Mian MF, Lauzon NM, Stämpfli MR, et al. Impairment of human NK cell cytotoxic activity and cytokine release by cigarette smoke. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83(3):774-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0707481
  • 40. Churg A, Dai J, Tai H, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α is central to acute cigarette smoke–induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):849-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200202-097OC
  • 41. Chung KF. Inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005;4(6):619-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/156801005774912806
  • 42. Díez PJ, Fernández AM, Llorente AM, et al. Tumor necrosis factor as an early marker of inflammation in healthy smokers. Med Clin (Barc). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2011.11.032 2012;139(2):47-53.
  • 43. Braber S, Henricks PA, Nijkamp FP, et al. Inflammatory changes in the airways of mice caused by cigarette smoke exposure are only partially reversed after smoking cessation. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-99
  • 44. Merghani TH, Saeed A, Alawad A. Changes in plasma IL4, TNFa and CRP in response to regular passive smoking at home among healthy school children in Khartoum, Sudan. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(1):41-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066418
  • 45. Kim V, Cornwell WD, Oros M, et al. Plasma Chemokine signature correlates with lung goblet cell hyperplasia in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15(1):111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-015-0103-2
  • 46. Mendall M, Patel P, Asante M, et al. Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease. Heart. 1997;78(3):273-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.78.3.273
  • 47. Van Keulen H, Gomes A, Toffolo M, et al. Serum levels of nitric oxide and cytokines in smokers at the beginning and after 4months of treatment for smoking cessation. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:327-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.111
  • 48. Halvorsen B, Sagen LE, Ueland T, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation among individuals with high risk for cardiovascular disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67(6):604-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510701283878
  • 49. Willemse BW, ten Hacken NH, Rutgers B, et al. Effect of 1-year smoking cessation on airway inflammation in COPD and asymptomatic smokers. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):835-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00108904
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi (Original Article)
Yazarlar

İbrahim Solak 0000-0001-5311-0631

Kamile Marakoglu 0000-0002-6585-7019

Selma Pekgor 0000-0001-9907-1842

Nisa Cetin Kargin 0000-0002-3819-2402

Yavuz Turgut Gederet 0000-0002-6140-4581

Necat Alatas 0000-0003-0894-2134

Mehmet Ali Eryilmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ekim 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2018
Kabul Tarihi 30 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Solak, İ., Marakoglu, K., Pekgor, S., … Kargin, N. C. (2018). Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation. Family Practice and Palliative Care, 3(3), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.474484
AMA Solak İ, Marakoglu K, Pekgor S, vd. Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation. Fam Pract Palliat Care. Ekim 2018;3(3):139-144. doi:10.22391/fppc.474484
Chicago Solak, İbrahim, Kamile Marakoglu, Selma Pekgor, Nisa Cetin Kargin, Yavuz Turgut Gederet, Necat Alatas, ve Mehmet Ali Eryilmaz. “Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 3, sy. 3 (Ekim 2018): 139-44. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.474484.
EndNote Solak İ, Marakoglu K, Pekgor S, Kargin NC, Gederet YT, Alatas N, Eryilmaz MA (01 Ekim 2018) Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation. Family Practice and Palliative Care 3 3 139–144.
IEEE İ. Solak, K. Marakoglu, S. Pekgor, N. C. Kargin, Y. T. Gederet, N. Alatas, ve M. A. Eryilmaz, “Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation”, Fam Pract Palliat Care, c. 3, sy. 3, ss. 139–144, 2018, doi: 10.22391/fppc.474484.
ISNAD Solak, İbrahim vd. “Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation”. Family Practice and Palliative Care 3/3 (Ekim2018), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.22391/fppc.474484.
JAMA Solak İ, Marakoglu K, Pekgor S, Kargin NC, Gederet YT, Alatas N, Eryilmaz MA. Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2018;3:139–144.
MLA Solak, İbrahim vd. “Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation”. Family Practice and Palliative Care, c. 3, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 139-44, doi:10.22391/fppc.474484.
Vancouver Solak İ, Marakoglu K, Pekgor S, Kargin NC, Gederet YT, Alatas N, vd. Changes in systemic inflammatory and nasal mucociliary response following smoking cessation. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2018;3(3):139-44.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Family Practice and Palliative Care      ISSN 2458-8865       E-ISSN 2459-1505